*du̯isu
‘twice’
- Language
- Proto-Luwic
- Class
- Derivative
- Grammar
- adv
- ID
- 593
1. Individual Anatolian Languages
1.1 Hieroglyphic Luwian
/t(u)wisu?/, 2-sú
‘twice’1.1.1Transmission
A hapax legomenon, this lexeme occurs once in an inscription from Tabal, dating to the mid-8th century BCE.
[AH.B.]
1.1.2Forms
| adv. | /t(u)wisu?/ | 2-sú | TOPADA, 3§11 |
The attestation is not entirely assured, because TOPADA employs a number of unusual signs and sign forms with 〈sú〉 being a case in point. Hawkins 2000a:456 deems the reading of the clause uncertain also due to unclear word division.
[AH.B.]
1.1.3Graphic Features
1.1.3.1Phonological Interpretation
Traditionally interpreted as /t(u)wisu?/ (see e.g. EDHIL:826f.), the underlying phonological shape of this word is extrapolated from evidence found in connection with the cardinal /tuw(i)-?/ and that from the other Anatolian languages, e.g. Lyc. B tbisu and Lyc. A kbihu. The interpretation is therefore not certain, although its probability of being correct is high.
[AH.B.]
1.1.4Meaning
Provided the reading of the passage is correct, there can be little doubt over the meaning of this lexeme. Formations in /-su/ ‘x-times’ built from numerals are well-represented in the HLuw. corpus and have cognates in the other Anatolian languages.
[AH.B.]
1.1.5Stem
The suffix /-su/ is affixed to a stem of unknown formation, although it is likely that it equals the bare numeral without any further affixes intervening, as that would fit what is shown by the HLuw. word for ‘thrice’: /tarrisu/, spelt 〈tara/i-su-u〉 (KARKAMIŠ A6, 6§19).
[AH.B.]
For the lemma head see PAnat. *du̯o- / *du̯eh2.
1.2 Cuneiform Luwian
2-šu
‘twice’1.2.1Transmission
Attested in Luwian ritual texts from MS to NS.
[Zs.S.]
1.2.2Forms
| 2-šu | KUB 35.88 iii 11’ | (CTH 766, NS) |
| KUB 35.110, 10’ | (CTH 765, NS) | |
| 2-˹šu˺ | KUB 35.89, 11’ | (CTH 766, MS) |
| ˹2?-šu?˺ | KBo 29.16 ii 15’ | (CTH 761, NS) |
Attestations following CLL:298 (cf. Laroche 1959a:125) checked against the photos of the Konkordanz. KBo 29.16 ii 15’ is practically not readable anymore, the author of the hand copy (Chr. Rüster) and Starke 1985b:196 (cautiously: 2̣?-šụ) saw, however, this word there. <-šu> is not an Akkadographic, but a Luwian complement, as demonstrated by identically derived Hieroglyphic Luwian and Lycian forms, see Starke 1990a:54 (cf. also CLL:298, contra Laroche 1959a:125).
[Zs.S.]
1.2.3Meaning ‘twice’
There is no doubt regarding its meaning due to its spelling, morphology, and Lycian cognates (Starke 1990a:54; CLL:298, cf. also Goedegebuure 2010a:308; but not in Tischler 2008a, Tischler 2016a, and Ünal 2016a).
[Zs.S.]
1.3 Lycian A
kbihu
‘twice’1.3.1Transmission
This lexeme is attested on the inscribed pillar of Xanthos dated shortly after the ascension of Artaxerxes II in 405-404 BCE.
[D.S.]
1.3.2Forms
| indecl. | kbihu | TL 44b.6 (Xanthos) |
| TL 44b.7 (Xanthos) | ||
| TL 44b.7 (Xanthos) |
1.3.3Meaning
The word kbihu occurs repeatedly with a city name within a series and represents a formal match to Lyc. B tbisu ‘twice’. However, due to the obscurity of the context, scholars have been sometimes reluctant to accept fully the meaning (cf. hesitantly DLL:30, Neumann 2007a:160f., confidently Schürr 2013b:219). Eichner 2005a:27f. provides a contextual analysis, in which each city has received or performed something twice, and gives to kbihu the meaning ‘twice’. Cau 2003b:52 n. 5 suggests for kbihu … kbihu the meaning ‘either… or…’ instead, which is not convincing, if one takes the Lycian B forms in -su into consideration.
[D.S.]
1.4 Lycian B
tbisu
‘twice’1.4.1Transmission
This lexeme is attested on the inscribed pillar of Xanthos dated shortly after the ascension of Artaxerxes II in 405-404 BCE.
[D.S.]
1.4.2Forms
| indecl. | tbisu | TL 44c.64 (Xanthos) |
| TL 44d.21 (Xanthos) |
1.4.3Meaning
In comparison to the word trisu ‘three times’, Deecke 1887a:149 recognizes tbisu as ‘twice’ from an Indo-European perspective (followed by Meriggi 1936b:266f., Laroche 1967a:47, Eichner 1992a:61f.,DLL:131, Neumann 2007a:374f., Schürr 2016d:171). In each of the two passages where trisu is attested, it modifies a positive action, i.e. serije- ‘to exult (?)’, tus-(ti) ‘to set up’.
[D.S.]
2. Reconstruction
2.1Reconstruction ‘twice’
While discussing the Anatolian multiplicatives of the numeral ‘two’, Eichner 1992a:61f. suggests that the marker -su originates from an endingless locative singular of a thematic *-u̯o- derivation, i.e. *du̯isu̯é ‘twice’. However, a more straight-forward explanation (EDHIL:873, LIPP II:803, 818 n. 1) views the multiplicative of HLuw. 2-sú and Lycian B tbisu ‘twice’ as originating from the locative plural of the numeral ‘two’ with the regular case ending -su, which would have been lexicalised by hypostasis, i.e. “in twos, in threes, in fours” etc., as an adverbial. This is considered here to be the superior hypothesis. The form tbisu with the vowel -i- in front of the ending could be taken as analogical after trisu (thus LIPP II:818 n. 1). On the other hand, one could expect the locative plural form of the numeral *du̯o- to have been *du̯oisu.
[AH.B.] [D.S.] [E.R.]
For the lemma head see PAnat. *du̯o- / *du̯eh2.
3. Proto-Indo-European
3.1Semantic Reconstruction
As is the case with PLuw. *trisu ‘thrice’, PLuw. *du̯isu ‘twice’ can semantically be interpreted as a locatival formation. For the details on the three possibilities (loc. pl. of the numeral, multiplicative + *u, loc. sg. of u̯o‑derivative), cf. PLuw. *trisu ‘thrice’.It depends on the phonological interpretation of Alb. dȳsh ‘(devided) in two; (sbst. m.) two, pair’, whether it can be regarded a direct cognate or not. The semantics of the Albanian word, nevertheless, can be easily derived from a locative ‘in two’.
3.2Morphological Reconstruction
Since PLuw. *du̯isu ‘twice’ resembles PLuw. *trisu ‘thrice’ superficially in terms of word formation, all of the three possibilities (loc. pl.,Due to the lack of the category dual in Anatolian, the numeral ‘2’ must have been inflected in the plural, thus loc. pl. *du̯i-su, which is in fact the case, cf. PAnat. *du̯o- ‘2’.*du̯is + *u, loc. sg. *du̯is‑u̯é, cf. PLuw. *trisu ‘thrice’) may also account for PLuw. *du̯isu ‘twice’.Because of the similarity between PLuw. *trisu ‘thrice’ and *du̯isu, one might also assume a rhyming substitution of one or the other. For Alb. dȳsh ‘(divided) in two; (sbst. m.) two, pair’, Hamp 1992a:905f. proposes a preform *d(u)u̯oi̯ + *su, cf. above sub PAnat. reconstruction.
[A.O.]
4. Transmission
PIIr. *du̯is ‘twice’, cf. Ved. d(u)víṣ (RV+), YAv. biš
EWAia I:769, Grassmann 1996a:653, Bartholomae 1904:966
YAv. bižuuat̰ ‘twice’
Bartholomae 1904:967, Emmerick 1992b:329
(?)erkir ‘in the second place’
EDAIL:268f., Olsen 1999a:482
MIr. fo dí ‘twice’
EDPC:110, eDIL s.v. dá
MLG twis ‘twice’
ON tvisvar, tysvar, OHG zwiror ‘twice’
EDPG:530, de Vries 1977a:602
dȳsh ‘(divided) in two; (sbst. m.) two, pair’
AED:80, Demiraj 1997a:151f., Hamp 1992a:905f.