/landra-(ti)/, la-tara/i-
‘to extend, expand’
- Language
- Hieroglyphic Luwian
- Class
- Derivative
- Grammar
- verb
- ID
- 3905
1. Individual Anatolian Languages
1.1 Hieroglyphic Luwian
/landra-(ti)/, la-tara/i-
‘to extend, espand’1.1.1Transmission
The lexeme is attested seven times in the HLuw. corpus, with most attestations originating from Cilicia. Further occurrences are found at Tell Ahmar, Malatya, and possibly Amuq. The relevant inscriptions date to between the 11th and the early 7th century BCE.
[AH.B.]
1.1.2Forms
| 1sg. pret. act. | /landrahha/ | (“MANUS”)la-tara/i-ha | |
| (“COR”)la-tara/i-ha | TELL AHMAR 6, §20 (Tell Ahmar) | ||
| (“[TER]RA”?)la-tara/i-ha | ÇINEKÖY, §2 (Cilicia) | ||
| (MANUS)la-[…] | TELL TAYINAT 2, l. 2 (Amuq) | ||
| 3sg. pret. act. | /landratta/ | (TERRA)la-tara/i-ta | IZGIN 2, §3 (Malatya) |
The attestation in TELL TAYINAT 2, l. 2 is listed here tentatively. While the combination of signs makes it likely that the form belongs to the present lexeme, the context is too fragmented to permit any certainty about its assignment to the paradigm.
[AH.B.]
1.1.3Graphic Features
1.1.3.13.1 Phonological Interpretation
The phonological interpretation of this lexeme is somewhat unclear because of the vagaries of the HLuw. writing system, which, in this case, go untempered by any cognates from the other Anatolian languages. While the verb has commonly been assumed to have the shape /latra-/ vel sim., quite closely mimicking its spelling, Oettinger 2007a:260 suggests reading it /landri(ya)-/ instead for etymological reasons. From a purely orthographical point of view, both interpretations are equally likely, but preference is given here to a variation of Oettinger’s analysis for its more solid foundation; cf. the discussion of the stem below.
[AH.B.]
1.1.4Meaning
Since the word is attested in the Karatepe bilingual inscription and translates Phoenician rḥb ‘to extend, expand’, its meaning was clear from the start, see Bossert 1948a:170, 181. This meaning fits not only the two places of attestation in the bilingual (§5 and §32), but also the other contexts as far as can be said based on their state of fragmentation. On the one hand, the verb can denote the expansion of an area when combined with e.g. /walilid-/ ‘territory’ for a direct object in ÇINEKÖY, §2 and in KARATEPE 1 Hu., §5; on the other hand, it can take /irh(i)-/ ‘border’ as a direct object, denoting the extension of an existing boundary, as in KARATEPE 1 Hu., §32 and TELL AHMAR 6, §20.
So far it has remained unexplained why the spelling of the verb involves one of three different logograms as a determinative rather than just one (cf. e.g. Hawkins 2000a:318 and Tekoğlu & Lemaire 2000a:976): MANUS (*59), which is the most frequent, besides TERRA (*201) and COR (*341). Neither are the shapes of these logograms so alike as to be easily interchangeable, nor does the choice of logogram correlate with the type of object taken by the verb.
[AH.B.]
1.1.5Stem
The stem of this verb is not entirely clear because its spelling leaves considerable room for interpretation. If the phonological interpretation advanced above holds true, the verb constitutes a denominal derivation from an unattested base noun */landra-/ ‘free space (?)’ vel sim., quite probably by means of the suffix /-a-(ti)/. The original suggestion by Oettinger 2007a:260, i.e. /landri(ya)-(di)/ is less likely, because /-i(ya)-(di)/ is not known to form denominatives (cf. Sasseville 2021a) and the 3sg. pret. (TERRA)la-tara/i-ta does not have a lenited ending.
[AH.B.]
1.1.6Origin
For an Indo-European etymological proposal, see Oettinger 2007a.
[AH.B.]