/h(ar)ra-(di)/, ha+ra/i-
‘to crush’
- Language
- Hieroglyphic Luwian
- Grammar
- verb
- ID
- 3742
1. Individual Anatolian Languages
1.1 Hieroglyphic Luwian
/h(ar)ra-(di)/, ha+ra/i-
‘to crush’1.1.1Transmission
This lexeme is attested five times in inscriptions from Tabal, dating from the middle to the second half of the 8th century BCE.
[A.P.]
1.1.2Forms
| 3sg. pres. act. | /h(ar)radi/ | ha+ra/i-ri+i | BULGARMADEN 1, §13 (Tabal) TOPADA, §34 (Tabal) |
| 3sg. impv. act. | /h(ar)radu/ | ha+ra/i-tu | BULGARMADEN 1, §15 (Tabal) |
| 3pl. impv. act. | /h(ar)rantu/ | ha+ra/i-tú-u | TOPADA, §36 (Tabal) |
| ha+ra/i-t[ú-u] | TOPADA, §38 (Tabal) |
[A.P.]
1.1.3Graphic Features
1.1.3.1Phonological Interpretation
Different suggestions have been made regarding the phonological interpretation of this word. Hawkins 2000a:460 links it to CLuw. ḫarra- ‘to crush’ (see also CLL:57, deeming it insecure), whereas Sasseville 2021a:302 assumes /hara-/ or even /hra-/ based on the spelling of some possible CLuw. cognates (cf. also Starke 1990a:446).
Outdated is the rendition of the verb as */haryi-/ as envisaged by Starke 1990a:446, see the comments by Sasseville 2021a:302.
[AH.B.]
1.1.4Meaning
Starke 1990a:446 incl. n. 1604 notes that the verb must denote a damaging action, either against persons or things, although he regards it as separate from CLuw. ḫarra- ‘to crush’; he tentatively proposes ‘to touch, abuse’ (“antasten, sich vergehen an”). Sasseville 2021a:302 refrains from assigning any specific meaning, noting only that it must be a destructive action.
If the link with CLuw. ḫarra- ‘to crush’ should turn out to be correct, the meaning finds easy contextual support. In the contexts of attestation, the verb is mostly paired with the preverb /ahha/ ‘away’, which often indicates the encompassing nature of the action. Particularly instructive is the curse formula context in BULGARMADEN, in which the verb occurs once in the protasis (with /ahha/) and again in the apodosis (without /ahha/), with §13 reading: za-pa-wa/i-ta-a “CAPERE”-ma-z[a] hwa/i-sa ARHA-a ha+ra/i-ri+i, approx. /za=ba=wa=tta lalamman=za kwis ahha harradi/, translating as ‘(He) who crushes this contract to pieces, (the Storm-god Tarhunt and the gods shall destroy that man, and the moon-good Arma shall crush him)’ (cf. Hawkins 2000a:523).
[AH.B.]
1.1.5Stem
Depending on the shape of the word as /hra-/ or /harra-/, the verb appears to represent either a root verb with lenited endings, or it belongs to the denominative class in /-a-(di)/, see Sasseville 2021a:302. In any case, CLuw. ḫarranta and HLuw. /h(ar)ra-(di)/ can hardly belong to the same stem formation according to the verbal stem classes laid out in Sasseville 2021a, especially since the replacement of the ending /-ainta/ by /-anta/ is argued to be a HLuw. Iron Age phenomenon, i.e. considerably later (see Sasseville 2021a:78-82).
[AH.B.]
For the lemma head, see HLuw. */harra-(i)/.