/allummi-(ti)/, PUGNUS-la/i/u-mi-
‘to strengthen’
- Language
- Hieroglyphic Luwian
- Grammar
- verb
- ID
- 3077
1. Individual Anatolian Languages
1.1 Hieroglyphic Luwian
/allummi-(ti)/, PUGNUS-la/i/u-mi-
‘to strengthen’1.1.1Transmission
This lexeme is attested three times in inscriptions from Karkamiš and Emirgazi, dating from the 13th century to c. 800 BCE.
[A.P.]
1.1.2Forms
| 1sg. pret. act. | /allummihha/ | PUGNUS-la/i/u-mi-ha | KARKAMIŠ A15b, §3 (Karkamiš) |
| 3pl. impv. act. | /allummintu/ | ˹PUGNUS˺[-mi-tu] | EMİRGAZİ 1A, §29 (Emirgazi) |
| PUGNUS-mi-tu | EMİRGAZİ 1B, §29 (Emirgazi) |
[A.P.]
1.1.3Graphic Features
1.1.3.1Phonological Interpretation
The phonological interpretation of this lexeme is provisional, since it is, like other words from its family, consistently spelt with the logogram PUGNUS (sign *39), obscuring the beginning of the word. The shape /allummi-/ is suggested by Simon 2016g:73f., based on the related personal name /Allummalli-/ with similar spelling.Just like /allummi-/ and the other appellative members of its family, the personal name also consistently starts with PUGNUS. It is only the appearance of a like personal name in Assyrian sources that made the phonological interpretation possible, see Simon 2016g with references and the research history. Earlier, Melchert 2014a:136f. had hypothesised that the underlying phonological shape partly resembles CLuw. annarumma/i- ‘forceful, virile’, cf. the discussion of the stem below, but remained silent regarding the beginning. Beyond the present word family, the logogram PUGNUS is used mainly for the verb /ari-(ti)/ ‘to raise, to rise’, where it covers only the onset.Simon 2016g:74 hypothesises that PUGNUS is used with these two word families because of their similar phonology with /alu/ and /ari/, which with later rhotacism to /ɾ/ and the likely merger of /u/ and /i/ in this position would have been homophonous. Note, however, that rhotacism is assumed to affect only singleton /l/, not geminate /ll/. The two words would therefore be phonologically similar, but not homophonous.
[AH.B.]
1.1.4Meaning
The meaning of the verb has long been clear (see already Hrozný 1933a:176f.) and is assigned on the basis of KARKAMIŠ A15b, §3: a-wa/i kar-ka-mi-sà-na(URBS) PUGNUS-la/i/u-mi-ha, approx. /a=wa Karkamisan allummihha/, meaning ‘I strengthened Karkamiš’ (cf. Hawkins 2000a:131f.).
[AH.B.]
1.1.5Stem
The attestations of the verb bear witness to a denominative stem in /-i-(ti)/ (see Sasseville 2021a:131f.). The derivational base is unattested, although it has doubtlessly given rise to other derivatives as well, yet its morphological structure is somewhat opaque, cf. Melchert 2014a:136f. who suggests a possible suffix /-ummi-/. It cannot be said whether the also attested adverb /allummi/ ‘strong(ly)’ is to be taken as a possible derivational base for the present lexeme, or vice versa, or whether both derive from the same base.
[AH.B.]
For the lemma head see HLuw. /allummi/.