*h2us-t-
‘burning (vel sim.)’
- Language
- Proto-Anatolian
- Grammar
- subst, c.
- ID
- 2002
1. Individual Anatolian Languages
1.1 Lycian B
xustte/i-
‘fire (?)’1.1.1Transmission
This lexeme is attested in the inscription of the inscribed pillar of Xanthos, dated contextually to shortly after the ascension of Artaxerxes II in 405-404 BCE and stylistically to around 400 BCE (Borchhardt & Eichner 1997-1999a:19f.).
[D.S.]
1.1.2Forms
|
acc. or dat. sg. (?) |
xustti |
||
|
abl./instr. |
xusttedi |
On the uncertain grammatical case of xustti, cf. Melchert (DLL:136) and Sasseville 2014-2015a:115 “acc. sg.”, Shevoroshkin 2015a:203 and Sasseville 2021d “dat. sg.”.
[D.S.]
1.1.3Meaning
The word xusttedi describes how a sacrifice is performed. In another passage, it is also coordinated with pttili as pttili=ke xustti=ke. Its meaning has long been obscure: Shevoroshkin 2015a:203 attempts an etymological connection with Hitt. ḫuwāi-/-i(ya)-(ḫi) ‘to walk, run’ and suggests the meaning ‘with swiftness/dexterity’, which is contextually unattractive. For a summary of outdated suggestions, see Neumann 2007a:142.
Sasseville 2021d suggests an etymological connection with Hitt. ḫušti- c. ‘burning substance, sulfur’ and the PIE root *h2eu̯s- ‘to create by pouring’ (cf. Greek αὔω ‘to light a fire’) assigning the meaning ‘fire’ to xuste/i-; but cf. under Reconstruction. Thus, the sacrifice of small livestock and preparation for the god Natri-Apollo would be performed by fire, which is contextually adequate. Further evidence can be drawn from the denominative verb xustti-(ti).
[D.S.]
1.1.4Derivatives
1.2 Hittite
ḫušt-/ḫušti-
‘burning substance, amber (?)’1.2.1Literature / Comments
HW 2nd ed. Ḫ:782f., Puhvel 1999a:350
2. Reconstruction
2.1Reconstruction ‘burning (vel sim.)’
Comparing Lyc. B xustte/i- with Hitt. ḫušt- or ḫušti- c., we may reconstruct a Proto-Anatolian formation *Hus-t- ‘burning’ (Puhvel 1999a:350, pace Rieken 1999a:79f. “Hurrian loanword”), although the exact nature of the t-suffix is not clear from an Anatolian perspective.
[D.S.]
3. Proto-Indo-European
3.1Semantic Reconstruction
Sasseville (fthc.) etymologically equates Lyc. B xustte/i- with Hitt. ḫušt(i)- ‘(a combustive matter), (?)amber, (?)sulfur’, reconstructs PAnat. *Hus‑t‑, and connects them with the root PIE *h2eu̯s‑, which is attested also in Pal. ḫuššī- ‘to pour, libate’. Since PIE *h2eu̯s- is reconstructable only with the meanings ‘to scoop; to pour’The semantic connection with ‘fire’, which is attested in Gk. αὔω ‘to get a light; (mid.) to take fire’, etc., is clearly secondary and inner-Greek, cf. Semantic reconstruction s.v.and thus not meaningfully connectable with the meaning of Hitt. ḫušt(i)- and the contexts of Lyc. B xustte/i‑, this etymology has to be abandoned. However, the root PIE 1.*h2u̯es- ‘(to be) reddish-yellow (like dawn)’ (LIV²:292f., NIL:357–367, IEW:86f.)On the precise meaning, cf. below.may serve as an adequate source for a word for (yellow-orange-brown) ‘amber’ or – less likely – (bright yellow) ‘sulfur’ (Hitt. ḫušt(i)‑).Cf. Core IE *h2é‑h2us‑o- ‘gold < *reddish-yellow metal’ (in Lat. aurum, etc.) from the same root and OHG glas ‘amber, glas’ (and OHG gold ‘gold’) from PIE *ghel- (vel sim.) ‘(to shine) yellowish’. Oettinger 2012c:244 reconstructs Core IE *h2é‑h2us‑o- ‘gold’ with the meaning “das Glühen” and derives it from an unattested iterative verb *h2é‑h2ou̯s‑/*h2é‑h2us- “immer wieder aufleuchten, funkeln”.Thus, the pre-PAnat. noun *h2us‑t- can be reconstructed with the meaning ‘reddish-yellow matter’. It is plausible that this substantivization came to mean ‘fire’ in Lycian B. According to Sasseville (fthc.), the meaning ‘fire’ fits both instances of Lyc. B xustte/i- (cf. above) as well as the context of the denominative verb Lyc. B xustti-(ti).However, attention must be drawn to the fact that no derivative of the root PIE 1.*h2u̯es- ‘(to be) reddish-yellow (like dawn)’ listed in LIV²:292f., NIL:357–367, and IEW:86f. is connected with the concepts of ‘fire’ or ‘burning’.
3.1.1Root etymology
The root underlying PAnat. *Hus‑t- ‘reddish-yellow matter’ is reconstructed in LIV²:292 and NIL:357 as “(morgens) hell werden” and in IEW:86 as “‘leuchten’, bes. vom Tagesanbruch”. However, Ved. usrá- ‘reddish, matutinal’ is also used for bovines, which makes an original color meaning (‘reddish-yellow’) more likely. The same applies to Core IE *h2éu̯s‑os‑/*h2us‑s‑´ ‘dawn’, which is rather associated with the dawn’s color(s) than with its brightness, cf. Stüber 2002a:103f. Thus, and due to the fact that the underlying root is semantically as well as morphologically associated with the Caland system, it is advisable to reconstruct its meaning as stative/adjectival ‘(to be) reddish-yellow’.
3.2Morphological Reconstruction
Since no direct cognate is attested outside Anatolian, no further reconstruction is provided here. The stem PAnat. *Hus‑t-, if successfully connected to the root PIE 1.*h2u̯es- ‘(to be) reddish-yellow’, is probably an example of a substantivizing t-stem, thus ‘what is reddish-yellow’ → Hitt. ‘(?)amber’, Lyc. B ‘fire’. For deadjectival substantivizations by the suffix *‑(o/e)t‑, cf., e.g., Gk. adj. γυμνός ‘naked, unclothed’ → γυμνής, ‑ῆτος *‘who is unclothed’ > ‘light-armed soldier’ or Lat. dīus ‘shining’ : dīves, dīvit- *sbst. ‘what shines’ → adj. ‘wealthy’.“[A]dj. by ‘re-adnominalization’”, as per Nussbaum 2004a.
3.2.1Root etymology
The root under investigation is reconstructed in LIV²:292 and NIL:357 as PIE 1.*h2u̯es‑, viz. with anlauting *h2- and “fullgrade II”. “Fullgrade I” *h2eu̯s- is attested in the strong stem of Core IE *h2éu̯s‑os‑/*h2us‑s‑´ ‘dawn’, etc.According to Anttila 1969a:109, “[i]t is probably significant that the *aus-forms occur only with derived meanings (‘dawn, gold, eastern’)”.The reason to reconstruct the root with “fullgrade II” seems to be that the primary verbal formations (cf. Ved. root aorist [ví] āvas ‘turned bright’) show “fullgrade II”, if not zero grade (cf. Ved. uccháti ‘shines’). The anlauting laryngeal is reconstructed on the basis of the various reflexes of post‑PIE 1.*au̯s- (< PIE 1.*h2eu̯s‑, LIV²:292), e.g., in the strong stem of Core IE *h2éu̯s‑os‑/*h2us‑s‑´ ‘dawn’. Therefore, the root under investigation is reconstructed as PIE 1.*h2u̯es- ‘(to be) reddish-yellow’ (LIV²:292).
[A.O.]
4. Transmission
Core IE *h2éu̯s‑os‑/*h2us‑s‑´Some forms mentioned below in the table are derived from this s-stem, cf., e.g., EWAhd VI:1219–1221. on Germanic and Balto-Slavic forms.f. ‘(goddess of) dawn’, cf. Ved. uṣás- f. ‘(goddess of) dawn, morning light; dusk’ (EWAia I:236, KEWA I:113, Grassmann 1996a:268f.), Av. ušah- f. ‘dawn, morning’ (Bartholomae 1904:415), Gk. Hom. ἠώς, Att. ἕως, Lesb. αὔως, Dor. ἀϝώς f. ‘(goddess of) dawn, morning’ (Il.+) (GEW I:605f., DELG:394f., EDG:492f., LSJ:781, Ragot in CÉG 14 (2015):174)), (?)Arm. ayg ‘morning, break of day’ (EDAIL:54–56, Olsen 1999a:108f.), Lat. aurōra ‘(goddess of) dawn’ (WH I:86, EM:60, EDLIL:63, OLD²:238)
NIL:357–367, IEW:86f., Stüber 2002a:103–106, Steer 2015a:63–82
Ved. ucchá- ‘shines’ (RV+), usrá- ‘(adj.) reddish, matutinal; (m.) bull; (f.) cow’ (RV), YAv. us- ‘to shine’, Khot. by‑ūs- ‘to dawn’, etc.
EWAia II:530, KEWA I:99, 114f., Grassmann 1996a:1229–1231, 269, EDIV:202
Arm. garown ‘spring’; (?)oski ‘gold’
EDAIL:201, 532f., Olsen 1999a:41f., 441
Lat. aurum ‘gold’ (XII, Enn.+), “Sabin.” ausum ‘id.’ (Paul.ex Fest.8L); Lat. vēr, ‑is n. ‘spring’ (Plaut., Cato+)
WH I:86, WH II:755, EM:60, 722, EDLIL:63, 663f., OLD²:239, 2240, Burman 2018a:91f., Machajdíková 2014a:37–50
ON vár, OFris. wars n. ‘spring’; ON austr, OE ēast, OFris. āster, OHG ôstar ‘east, eastwards’, etc.
EDPG:575, 43, de Vries 1977a:644f., 21, EWAhd VI:1224f.
Lith. áuksas m. ‘gold’, OPr. ausis ‘gold’
EDBIL:69f., LEW I:25, ALEW 2.0 s.v. áuksas (2021-06-21), PKEŽ² s.v. ausis (2021-06-21)
Lith. aušrà, Latv. àustra f. ‘dawn’; OCS utro ‘morning, dawn’, zu ustra ‘in the morning’, Russ. útro ‘morning’, zavtra ‘tomorrow’, etc.
EDBIL:72, LEW I:27, EDSIL:510f., Vasmer III:194f.
TochA wäs m., TochB yasa n. ‘gold’
DTB²:524f., Hackstein, Habata & Bross 2019a:178