*dok^u̯éh₂i̯e/o-^(mi)

There are only one to two further branches of IE that possibly attest cognates of PAnat. *dok^u̯éh₂i̯e/o-^(mi) ‘to show’, namely Indo-Iranian and Albanian.On the differing root shape, cf. below.Regarding the latter, Schumacher & Matzinger 2013a:1001f. (followed by LIV²⁺ s.v. [2019-03-17]) propose the “hochgradig spekulativ[e]” (ibid. 1002) but not implausible hypothesis that Alb. vdes ‘to die’ goes back to the preverb formation *u̯i‑dok^u̯-éi̯e/o- ‘to dis-appear’,For the semantic change ‘to disappear’ > ‘to die’, cf. the root PIE *mer- ‘to disappear, die’ (LIV²:439f.). However, pre-PAlb. *u̯i‑dok^u̯-éi̯e/o- ‘to dis-appear’ lacks causative as well as iterative semantics, which is normally expected in a formation of the type *R(o)-éi̯e/o‑. Instead, Schumacher & Matzinger 2013a:1002 propose intensive semantics.thus implying for the underlying root a basic meaning ‘to appear’. On the other hand, the meaning of the root underlying OAv. fradaxštar- ‘teacher’ and the causative Av. fra-daxšaiia- ‘to teach sth.’Narten 1982a:36f. n. 16 discusses the question whether the object (in OAv.) is originally affected (‘to instruct sb.’) or effected (‘to teach sth.’) and, based on Y.12.5, tends to prefer the affective meaning (cf. also Ved. dakṣáya- ‘to make (sb.) able’). However, both readings are possible for the OAv. attestation. The causative ‘to instruct sb.’, on the one hand, implies a basic meaning ‘to know’ vel sim., the meaning ‘to teach sth.’, on the other hand, may go back to ‘to show’, which may be interpreted as ‘to make appear’ (cf. below).may be reconstructed as PIr. *daxš-Or even PIIr. *dakš-, cf. Hintze 2007a:105. One starting point to connect the Indic material as well may be a causative formation PIIr. *dakš-ai̯a- ‘to make appear’ > ‘to show, teach’ > Av. (fra‑)daxšaiia- ‘to teach’, Ved. dakṣaya- ‘to make able/strong’.‘to teach, show’ (as per LIV²:112) or as ‘to appear’ (by decausativization from ‘to make appear’ > ‘to teach, show’).Oettinger 1998c:106 assumes that only the causative Av. (fra‑)daxšaiia- means ‘to teach’, while the plain root PIran. *daxš- means ‘to (get to) know’ and thus does not belong with Hitt. tekkuššiye/a-^(mi) ‘to show, present (oneself)’ but rather with Ved. dakṣa- ‘ability’, etc. Differently , however, Hintze 2007a:105. Oettinger (ibid.) proposes furthermore to connect Gk. τέκμαρ ‘sign’, which is now derived from the root PIE *k^u̯ek̑- ‘to see, spot’ (LIV²:383–385), cf. EDG:1459, LIV²:384 n. 1.The latter would be identical with the meaning of PAnat. *dek^u̯- ‘to appear’ (as per above) and the former can be interpreted as its causative meaning. A decision is not possible. While the Indo-Iranian and Albanian formations are (at least) secondary, Hitt. takkw-^(mi) ‘to appear, be present’ as the only root verb may reflect the original meaning of the root PIE *dek^u̯- ‘to appear’ (LIV²⁺ s.v. [2019-03-17]).The function of the root final *‑s-, which appears in Indo-Iranian (and perhaps in Hitt. tekkuššiye/a-^(mi) ‘to show, present [oneself]’, cf. EDHIL:864f., differently above), is not clear; cf. also the roots listed sub Morphological Reconstruction. As an ad-hoc assumption for the case of PIE *dek^u̯- ‘to appear’ vs. PIE *dek^u̯s- ‘to show’ (as per LIV²:112) it may be proposed that the additional sibilant adds causativity to the underlying root. There seems to be no such difference in the other roots mentioned below. Furthermore, it may be possible to derive the s-roots from desiderative formations, which, however, is not supported by the data and is equally ad hoc.

The (denominal) formation PAnat. *dok^u̯‑éh₂‑i̯e/o-^(mi) ‘to show’ ultimately goes back to a root *dek^u̯- ‘to appear’. The root-final labiovelar is clearly attested by the Anatolian spellings. While the quality of the anlauting dental stop may not be determined by the Anatolian data, Albanian points to *d- or *d^h-. Since a root of the shape *D^heT- is generally not permitted, it has to be reconstructed as PIE *dek^u̯- ‘to appear’, which may then also be compared with PIE *dek^u̯s- ‘to show’ (LIV²:112) or ‘to appear’, cf. also LIV²⁺ s.v. [2019-03-17] n. 1. The function of the root final *‑s- is unknown so far (cf. above), but attention has to be drawn to the fact that there are further roots with such a fluctuating root-final *-s-, cf. PIE *peh₂‑s- ‘to protect’, PIE *peh₃(s)- ‘to drink’ [lemma link], PAnat. *dmaH-s- ‘to (op)press’, PIE *leu̯H‑s- ‘to release’, PIE *meu̯‑s- ‘to close oneself’, and perhaps PIE ?*(s)h₂eu̯‑s- ‘to pour, rain’.

[A.O.]