ḫarpanalla/i-
‘rebel, turncoat’
- Language
- Cuneiform Luwian
- Grammar
- subst, c.
- ID
- 3579
1. Individual Anatolian Languages
1.1 Luwian in Hittite transmission
ḫarpanalla/i-
‘rebel, turncoat’1.1.1Transmission
The attestations of the lexeme are widely strewn across the genres. They occur in rituals, festivals, the “Apology of Ḫattušili”, a lexical list, and the Hurrian-Hittite bilingual (from MS onwards).
[E.R.]
1.1.2Forms
| nom. sg. | ḫar-pa-na-al-l[i-iš] | KBo 1.30 obv. 19’ | (CTH 305, NS) |
| KBo 17.54 iv 13’ | (CTH 458, MS) | ||
| gen. sg. | ḫar-pa-na-al-la-aš | KBo 24.3 i 9 | (CTH 409, MS) |
| dat./loc. sg. | ḫar-pa-n[a-al-l]i | KBo 22.42 obv. 18’ | (CTH 832, MS) |
| acc. pl. | LÚ.MEŠḫar-pa-na-al-li-e-eš | KBo 23.57 iv 16’ | (CTH 772, NS) |
| [ḫar-pa]-⸢na⸣-al-li-uš | KBo 32.19 iii 42’ | (CTH 789, MS) | |
| [LÚ.]MEŠḫar-pa-na-al-li-uš | KUB 1.1 iv 44’ + Bo 1956/u, 4’ | (CTH 81, NS) | |
| dat./loc. pl. | [LÚ.]MEŠḫar-pa-na-al-li-ia-aš | KUB 27.67 i 22 | (CTH 391, NS) |
| ḫar-pa-na-al-⸢li⸣-[ia-aš] | KBo 13.109 ii 4’ | (CTH 391, NS) | |
| unknown | ḫar-pa-na-al-li-x[ | HT 6 iv 14 | (CTH 409, NS) |
| ḫar-pa-na-al-l[i- | HT 6 iv 22 | (CTH 409, NS) | |
| [ḫ]ar-pa-na-a-a[l- | KBo 32.126a obv. 1’ | (CTH 772, NS) |
For possible restorations at HT 6 iv 14, see HW 2nd ed. Ḫ:338.
[E.R.]
1.1.3Graphic Features
Checked against the photographs in the Mainzer Fotoarchiv and on the British Museum webpagehttps://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1913-1011-8. – [ḫ]ar-pa-na-a-a[l- at KBo 32.126a obv. 1’ is incompletely cited as ḫarpanā[ ] in DCL:s.v. *ḫarpan-. – The reading ḫar-pa-na-al-l[i-] at HT 6 iv 22 follows Beckman 1990a:44 contra the handcopy (with ḫar-pa-na-ša), Starke 1990a:232, and CLL:59. Accordingly, no evidence remains for an attested substantive *ḫarpan(a)- ‘rebellion’.
[E.R.]
1.1.4Meaning
Friedrich 1924a:175 (followed in HW:59, HW 2nd ed. Ḫ:337f., HED H:182) drew the first semantic interpretation of ḫarpanalla/i- as ‘enemy, opponent’ from the lexical list KBo 1.30, where the Hittite lexeme equates Sum. [lú níg-ḫul] = lu-ni-ḫu-ul = Akk. a-ia-bu ‘enemy’ (obv. 19) within a sequence of bad people. Later, contextual analysis of ḫarpanalla/i- and its derivatives as well as the connection with Hitt. ḫarp- ‘to separate oneself and (re)associate oneself elsewhere’ (Oettinger 1979a:524f., Starke 1990a:232f., CLL:59, Melchert 2010d) led to a reassessment of the evidence and modification of the translation as ‘rebellious, (subst.) rebel’ (anticipated without argument in DLL:42; see also Neu 1979a:416 n. 16, Starke 1981a:151, Hawkins 2000a:458, EDHIL:311; combining the translations HHw:43, Ünal 2007a:184; unnecessary is additional ‘Verleumder, Intrigant’ in HW 2nd ed. Ḫ:337f.).
[E.R.]
1.1.5Stem
Based on the verb ḫarp-, a stem *ḫarpan- was formed (Starke 1990a:232f.) and further derived with the appurtenance suffix -alla/i- (van Brock 1962a:109, HED H:182, CLL:59, Melchert 2005a:447, HW 2nd ed. Ḫ:337f.). Finally, ḫarpanalla/i- was substantivized. The alternation between a- and i-stems occurs especially frequently in Luwian borrowings ending in the -alla/i- suffix (Rieken 1994a:47, Melchert 2005a:447).
[E.R.]
1.1.6Derivatives
1.1.7Origin
While the earlier literature treated LÚ.MEŠḫarpanalla/i- as Hittite (e.g., HW:59), a Luwian origin has been generally accepted now (Starke 1990a:233, CLL:59, HHw:43, Melchert 2005a:447, van den Hout 2006a:242, Melchert 2010d:185).
[E.R.]
For the lemma head see CLuw. ḫarp(i)-.
ḫarpanalla