*sóh1-/*sh1´-(i)
‘to impress (with a seal), shoot’
- Language
- Proto-Anatolian
- Grammar
- verb
- ID
- 3503
1. Individual Anatolian Languages
1.1 Hieroglyphic Luwian
*/siya-(i)/, */sasa-(i)/
‘to impress, shoot’1.1.1Derivatives
1.2 Lydian
ši-
‘to impress (with a seal), make official’1.2.1Transmission
This lexeme is found four times in an inscription found in the precinct of Artemis in Sardis that has not been dated accurately as well as in one metrical inscription, likewise undated.
[D.S.]
1.2.2Forms
| 1pl. pret. act. | fašiwν | LW 13.5 (Sardis) | |
| 1pl. pres. or pret. act. | kaττiwν | LW 22.6 (Sardis) | |
| 3pl. pret. act. | kaττirs | LW 22.3 (Sardis) | |
| LW 22.9 (Sardis) | |||
| LW 22.11 (Sardis) |
In earlier literature, the form kaττirs was usually taken as participial (Meriggi 1935a:95f., Gusmani 1964a:149, Carruba 1969a:71). The finite character of the form in question was demonstrated in Schürr 1997a, while the interpretation of -rs as the 3pl. pret. verbal ending was first offered in Melchert 2004b:147 n. 14 (followed by Gusmani 2010b:70f. and Sasseville 2021a:424 et passim). The 1sg. pres. interpretation kaττiw=ν was proposed in Meriggi 1935a:96 on the assumption that =ν represented a pronominal clitic, whereas the 1pl. interpretation of kaττiwν goes back to Gusmani 1960a:295.
The derived stem kaττi- represents a historical combination of the prefix kat- and primary stem ši-, which is independently attested in the more transparent prefixal derivative fa-ši- (Carruba 1959a:31, Gusmani 1964a:149). The phonological issues connected with this derivation are addressed in Gusmani 1969a:138, 140.
[I.Y.] [D.S.]
1.2.3Meaning
The earlier interpretations of this verb included ‘to respect’ (Meriggi 1935a:96), ‘to forbid’ (Gusmani 1960a:293, 295f.), and ‘to conjure’ (Schürr 1997a:210), ‘to decree’ (Melchert 2004b:141), where it is observed with reference to Schürr 1997a that the inscription LW 22 contains several binding declarations. This meaning is adopted by Yakubovich 2017b (though slightly modified to ‘to approve’). The semantic assignment of Melchert lies in analysing this verb as a cognate of Hitt. išḫāi-/-i(ya)-(ḫi) ‘to bind’ and išḫiul- n. ‘treaty’. However, as pointed out in Sasseville 2018c:130 n. 4 (and Sasseville 2021a:424), the cognate šadmẽ- c. means a priori ‘seal’, which points rather towards an etymological connection with Hitt. šāi-/-i(ya)-(ḫi) ‘to impress (with a seal), shoot’. Therefore, the meaning of Lyd. ši- would be primarily ‘to impress (with a seal)’, which would have developed to ‘to make official’ or ‘to approve’ (as translated by Yakubovich 2017b:276).
[I.Y.] [D.S.]
1.2.4Stem
As discussed in Sasseville 2021a:424, it is not clear to which nominal stem class Lyd. ši- belongs to especially from the historical perspective. Awaiting further evidence, it is classified here to the same one as Hitt. šāi-/-i(ya)-(ḫi).
[D.S.]
1.2.5Derivatives
2. Reconstruction
2.1Reconstruction ‘to impress (with a seal), shoot’
For a more detailed analysis of the reconstruction of the two Proto-Anatolian primary stem formations built on the root *seh1-, i.e. *sóh1-/*sh1´-(i) (with transfer) and *sh1-i̯é/ó-, see PAnat. *sh1-i̯é/ó-. As emphasized in Sasseville 2021a:424, Lydian ši- could belong to either of the two reconstructed stem formation, which we cannot yet differentiate on synchronic grounds. Based on Hieroglyphic Luwian derivatives, we can posit the same Proto-Luwian formation as Hitt. šāi-/-i(ya)-(ḫi), i.e. PLuw. *sói̯-/sii̯-´(i) ‘to impress (with a seal), shoot’. The formation underwent reduplication as can be seen from the word for ‘seal’, i.e. (“SIGILLUM”)sa-sa-za. If the reduplication is originally of verbal nature, the reduplicated verb *sói̯-/sii̯-´(i) must have reanalyzed the stem and consequently inflect according to the conjugation of verbs in -a-(i), i.e. */sasa-(i)/, just like in nāi-/-iya-(i) ‘to turn (intr.)’ → nana-(i) ‘to lead’ (Sasseville 2021a:354f. and 426f. for the same process in univerbations). Likewise, HLuw. (*262)sa-sa-li-ia ‘hunting ground’ must have been derived from the reduplicated verb that is not yet attested. For traces of the strong stem of Proto-Luwic *sói̯-/sii̯-´(i) in Lydian, see the reconstruction under šadmẽ- and cf. Yates 2021a.
[D.S.]