/na-?/, (-)na-ha-a
‘to drive (?)’
- Language
- Hieroglyphic Luwian
- Grammar
- verb
- ID
- 2812
1. Individual Anatolian Languages
1.1 Hieroglyphic Luwian
/na-?/, (-)na-ha-a
‘to drive (?)’1.1.1Transmission
This existence of this lexeme is not assured, but if it is interpreted correctly, it would be attested once in an inscription from Tabal, dating to the second half of the 8th century BCE.
[A.P.]
1.1.2Forms
| 1sg. pret. act. | /nahha/ | na-ha-a | BULGARMADEN, §7 (Tabal) |
The attestation in BULGARMADEN, §7 is recognised with Yakubovich 2017e:s.v. against Hawkins 2000a:524, who sees the attested string 〈u-ta-ti-na-ha-a〉 as representing a single word, viz. a verb of unknown meaning. While a single word is certainly possible, the syntactic structure of the clause suggests reading the string as two words: the noun /uttatti/ (cf. HLuw. /uttaTa(/i)-/ ‘hill country (?)’) and the verb form /nahha/.
[AH.B.]
1.1.3Graphic Features
1.1.3.1Phonological Interpretation
The phonological interpretation of this hapax legomenon is provisional insofar as the quality of the ending is not entirely clear, because the stem class of the verb is unknown. Aside from that, the brevity of the word does not leave much room for interpretation, and below is suggested a connection with /niya-/ ‘lord’, /nann(i)-/ ‘master’, and Hittite nāi-/ni(ya)-(ḫi) ‘to turn (intr.), (+parā) to send, lead’, see the discussions of the meaning and the stem. A possible cognate is the CLuw. reduplicated verb nana-(i) ‘to turn’ (cf. HED N:40).
[AH.B.]
1.1.4Meaning
This verb has so far been without a semantic interpretation, and it is here suggested that it may denote ‘to lead, drive’. The meaning is assigned based on both etymological and contextual considerations. Etymologically, the word may be related to the word families around /niya-/ ‘lord’ and /nann(i)-/ ‘master’ and therefore Hittite nāi-/ni(ya)-(ḫi) ‘to turn (intr.), (+parā) to send, lead’ (suggested by Rieken and Yakubovich, pers. comm., cf. CHD N:347, HED N:17, 40f., HEG N:253-257). Contextually, the relevant clause in BULGARMADEN, §7 runs: “MÁRA/I”-i-sa-pa-wa/i (DEUS)CERVUS3-ti-ia-sá-ti-i (BONUS)wa/i-sa5+ra/i-ti-i á-mi-i DOMINUS-ni-i ˹(LEO)˺hwa/i-sa5+ra/i-´ pa(+ra/i?)-ti-i u-ta-ti na-ha-a, approx. /immaris(sa)=ba=wa Runtiyassadi wassaradi ammi nanni hwisara padadi uttaTi naHa/, which may mean ‘By the goodness of (the god) Runtiya of the Open Country, I drove? the wild beasts from the foothill? (in)to the hill country? for my lord’.
[AH.B.]
1.1.5Stem
If the etymological link to /niya-/ ‘lord’ and /nann(i)-/ ‘master’ and thus also Hittite nāi-/ni(ya)-(ḫi) ‘to turn (intr.), (+parā) to send, lead’ should prove correct, the present verb represents the root of the entire word family. The loss of its root-final /i/ would probably have resulted from the reduplicated nana- (thus attested in CLuw., see Sasseville 2021a:354f.), facilitating the split into two different verbs, viz. /na-/ and */niya-/ in Luwian. The latter verb is unattested as such, but has served as the basis for a number of derivations such as /niya-/ ‘lord’, /niyasha-/ ‘procession’ etc., while the reduplicated stem /nana-/ gave rise to /nann(i)-/ ‘master’ and related words.
From the sole attestation known so far, it cannot be said with certainty which verbal stem class the present verb belongs to. Considering its close resemblance to the reduplicated form attested in CLuw. nana- ‘to turn’, it may likewise belong to the ḫi-conjugation. Further textual evidence is needed to shed light on this issue.
Alternatively, if one reads the string as a single segment, i.e. 〈u-ta-ti-na-ha-a〉, it may represent instead a denominal formation in /-ina-(i)/, for which see Sasseville 2021a:529-541.
[AH.B.]