*h2u̯éh1-/h2uh1-´
‘to walk’
- Language
- Proto-Anatolian
- Grammar
- verb
- ID
- 2098
1. Individual Anatolian Languages
1.1 Hieroglyphic Luwian
*/hwa-(di)/
‘to walk (?)’1.1.1Derivatives
1.1.1.1Uncertain Derivatives
1.2 Cuneiform Luwian
*ḫuwa-(di)
‘to walk (?)’1.2.1Derivatives
ḫūda-1.4 Palaic
ḫuwā-(di)
‘to walk (?)’1.4.1Transmission
This lexeme is found in the festival for the Palaic pantheon.
[D.S.]
1.4.2Forms
|
3sg. pres. ind. act. |
ḫu-u-wa-a-ti |
KUB 48.53 r.col. 8’ |
(CTH 753, NS) |
|
3pl. pret. ind. act. |
ḫu-wa-an-ta |
KBo 64.179 r.col. 9’ |
(CTH 751, NS) |
|
redupl. |
|||
|
2sg. impv. act.(?) |
[ḫu-w]a?-ḫu-wa(=)(?) |
KBo 64.179 r.col. 11’ |
(CTH 751, NS) |
The last example appears to be a reduplicated formation but due to its largely reconstructed status, it is not treated as a separate lemma, but kept in the same table as the base verb. This apparent (but again restored!) reduplicated form [ḫu-w]a?-ḫu-wa-ma-an could be interpreted either as a participial form or as a 2sg. imperative followed by the enclitics =ma and =an, i.e. ‘Let him walk!’ (Görke pers. comm.). The latter option is here provisionally adopted.
[D.S.]
1.4.3Graphic Features
Checked against the photograph in the Konkordanz (Mainzer Fotoarchiv).
[D.S.]
1.4.4Meaning
The Palaic verb ḫuwā-(di) can be compared etymologically to Pal. ḫūyaš(a)-(i) ‘to walk’, whose derivational base corresponds to Hitt. ḫuwāi-/-i(ya)-(ḫi) ‘to run’. Since ḫuwa-(di) occurs in the incantations for the Palaic pantheon, whose context may be related to the meats from the sacrificed animals, it is very likely that the verb ḫuwā-(di) refers to the animals that are being walked and shown to the gods before they are sacrificed (see Sasseville 2019a). Since the context of KBo 64.179 (and KUB 48.53) is fragmentary, this assumption, albeit highly probable, cannot be entirely proven. See the parallel formation hiding behind Pal. ḫūyaš(a)-(i).
[D.S.]
2. Reconstruction
2.1Reconstruction ‘to walk’
The existence of a root verb of the mi-conjugation related to root *h2u̯eh1- has now been confirmed by the emergence of the Palaic verb ḫuwā-(di) ‘to walk’ (< *h2u̯éh1-/h2uh1-´ ‘to walk, run’). Palaic tends to generalize the weak grade of root verb of the mi-conjugation, as can be seen in Pal. āš-/aš-(mi) ‘to be’, which is why the 3sg. pres. form has the a-vocalism ḫuwā- instead of *ḫuwē-. In Luwian, there are further derivations found that go back to this root verb, e.g. ḫūda- c. ‘haste’ (< *h2uh1- + -teh2-, if genuine non-mutated a-stem), and the servant word /hudarl(i)-/ (< *h2uh1-t-r̥-lo-) as well as HLuw. /hussallahid-/ ‘readiness to run (?)’ (if not from contracted */hwiss-/ > /huss-/), with the suffix *-(h1)s-, also found in Palaic ḫūyaš(a)-(i). In Lycian, the factitive xuwa-(ti) (< *h2uu̯eh2-(i)) that is derived from an action noun *xuwa- c. (< *h2uu̯eh2- c., thus García Ramón 2016a:73, Sasseville 2021a:56, contra Starke 1990a:364 n. 1304) goes back ultimately to this very same root verb, i.e. a virtual Lyc. *xuwa-(di).
A root verb of the ḫi-conjugation can also be reconstructed for Proto-Anatolian with several derivatives of its own, for which see PAnat. *h2u̯óh1-/h2uh1-´.
[D.S.]
3. Proto-Indo-European
3.1Semantic Reconstruction
The semantic gap between Pal. ḫuwā‑(ti) ‘to walk(?)’ and PIE *h2u̯éh1‑/*h2uh1‑´ ‘to blow’ can be bridged as is shown by the parallels adduced in Couvreur 1937a:119 (Fr. courant ‘stream’ : courir ‘to run’; Dutch luchtstroom ‘stream of air’) and EDHIL:367 (American Engl. to blow ‘to move as if carried or impelled by the wind’ [OED online s.v. 12.b], ‘to go away, to leave hurriedly’ [OED online s.v. 12.e]), cf. also ModHG stürmen ‘to storm; to rush’ (← Sturm ‘storm’). However, since the change ‘to blow’ > ‘to walk’ (or vice versa) is non-trivial, some still regard the connection as problematic, cf., e.g., Weeks 1985a:135, LIV²:288 s.v. *h2u̯ei̯- n. 1. Therefore, a common preform PIE *h2u̯éh1‑/*h2uh1‑´ ‘to blow; to walk’ is reconstructed only tentatively.
3.1.1Root etymology
If the Anatolian material that points to a meaning ‘to walk’, etc. indeed belongs to PIE *h2u̯eh1- ‘to blow’ (cf. above), the direction of semantic change has to be determined. Oettinger 1979a:481, on the one hand, assumes that “[d]ie allgemeine Bedeutung ‘dahinlaufen’ dürfte gegenüber bereits grundsprachlichem ‘wehen’ die ältere sein”, which is in accordance with Couvreur’s examples, Fr. courant ‘stream’ and Dutch luchtstroom ‘stream of air’ (cf. Couvreur 1937a:119): ‘to move (with indistinct or slow speed)’ > ‘to blow’. On the other hand, the relevant meanings of Engl. to blow (cf. above) and ModHG stürmen point into the opposite direction: ‘to blow, storm’ > ‘to move fast, run’. The reconstructed direction of semantic change is thus dependent on the speed denoted by the (exclusively Anatolian) verbum movendi.
As is emphasized in HW² 3,2:805, Hitt. ḫuwāi‑/‑i(ya)‑(ḫi) ‘to walk, run’ means rather ‘to walk’ than ‘to run’. Also the other Anatolian lexemes (cf. above and s.vv.) do not provide positive evidence for the root denoting a high speed motion. Therefore, it is recommended to reconstruct the meaning of PAnat. *h2u̯eh1- as ‘to walk, move continuously (with indistinct or slow in speed) into one direction’ and, thus, also as the original meaning of the PIE root, which only secondarily but perhaps already in PIE meant ‘to blow’.The meaning ‘to blow’ may be reconstructed already for PIE based on Hitt. ḫuwant- ‘wind’, if < ‘the blowing one’. However, since the athematic participle Hitt. ḫuwant- is morphologically different from the stem Core IE *h2u̯eh1-n̥t‑o- ‘wind’, they may also be interpreted as independently created. Thus, the root meanings would be clearly seperable between PIE/Anat. ‘to walk’ (in the Hitt. participle also of air, thus > ‘wind’) and Core IE ‘to blow’.
3.2Morphological Reconstruction
In view of the non-trivial semantic differences between the mi‑conjugated root-verb PAnat. *h2u̯éh1‑/*h2uh1‑´ ‘to walk’ and the Core IE root present meaning ‘to blow’, the common preform PIE *h2u̯éh1‑/*h2uh1‑´ ‘to walk, move continuously into one direction’ is reconstructed only tentatively.
3.2.1Root etymology
The root underlying Pal. ḫuwā‑(di) ‘to walk(?)’, etc. can be equated with PIE *h2u̯eh1- ‘to blow’ (LIV²:287), cf. most recently Sasseville 2021a:406f. The anlauting laryngeal is attested by the Anatolian reflex as well as the Greek “prothetic” vowel ἀ- in, e.g., Gk. ἄησι ‘blows’.It is remarkable that almost no reflexes of the anlauting laryngeal are attested in Indo-Iranian prefix compounds of the type Ved. a‑vātá- ‘without wind, quiet’ (not †ā‑vātá- < *aHu̯aHtó‑), cf. EWAia II:542.The existence and quality of the root final laryngeal is proven by, e.g., the laryngeal hiatus in Ved. vā́ta /vá.ata/ ‘wind’ and the not colored e-vowel in Gk. ἄελλα ‘stormy wind’ (LSJ:27, LSJSuppl:8), if < vr̥ddhi *h2eu̯h1‑el‑ih2, cf. Neri 2017a:149. Neri 2017a:143–174 discusses various formations that are said to belong to the root in question.Therefore, the root can be reconstructed as PIE *h2u̯eh1- ‘to walk, move continuously into one direction’ (LIV²:287).On the semantics, cf. above.
[A.O.]
4. Transmission
PIE root present *h2u̯éh1‑/*h2uh1‑´ ‘to blow’, cf. Hitt. (*part.) ḫuwant- ‘(sbst.) wind’, Ved. vā́ti ‘blows’ (EWAia II:537, KEWA III:186, Grassmann 1996a:1246f.), YAv. vāiti ‘id.’, etc. (Bartholomae 1904a:1406, EDIV:203), Gk. ἄημι ‘to blow’ (Hes.+) (GEW I:26f., GEW III:19, DELG:26, EDG:27, LSJ:30, LSJSuppl:9), Goth. waian*, OE 3sg. wǣweð, OHG wāen, etc. (EDPG:576, Orel 2003a:460f., Seebold 1970a:539f., GED:388), Lith. vė́ti, OCS vějati, Russ. véjat’ (EDBIL:499, ALEW 2.0 s.v. vė́ti (2021-09-01), LEW II:1216f., EDSIL:519, Vasmer I:196)
LIV²:287, IEW:82, Kölligan 2018b:2246, Watkins 2011a:98
Core IE sbst. (← part.) *h2u̯eh1-n̥t‑o-, etc. ‘wind’, cf. Ved. vā́ta- /vá.ata‑/ m., also ‘wind-god’ (EWAia II:542, KEWA III:184f., Grassmann 1996a:1257), Av. vāta‑ /va.ata‑/ (in Y.44.4) m., YAv. also ‘wind-god’ (Bartholomae 1904a:1408f.), Lat. ventus (Enn., Plaut.+) (WH II:751f., EM:721, EDLIL:662f., OLD²:2239), MW gwynt, MBret. guent (EDPC:423), Goth. winds, ON vindr, OE wind, OHG wint, etc. (EDPG:587, Orel 2003a:454, Seebold 1970a:540, GED:404, de Vries 1977a:665), TochA want, TochB yente (DTB²:546, Hackstein 2017a:1326)
IEW:82, 83, Kölligan 2018b:2254, Watkins 2011a:98, Neri 2016a:16f.
ON veðr ‘weather’, OE weder, OS wedar, OHG wetar ‘id.’
EDPG:583f., Neri 2017a