/zappa-^(ti)/

Attested only once in the HLuw. corpus, this hapax legomenon can be found on a brief inscription from Karkamiš, dating to the 8^th century BCE.

[AH.B.]

The basic meaning of this verb is assured because of both its CLuw. cognate as well as its contextual interpretation in ŞARAGA, §4. In this dedicatory inscription on a stele, the previous clause mentions the procurement of a bull, and this is then followed by: wa/i-na ^[I]sa-ha-˹si˺-sa (“INFANS”)˹NI˺-za-sá á-pa-sa ARHA za-pa-ta, i.e. /wa=na Sahassi nimuwizzas abas ahha zappatta/ ‘Sahassi, his son, slaughtered it’ (cf. Sasseville & Yakubovich 2016a:33). Poetto 2010c:297 prefers to narrow the meaning to ‘to offer as a sacrifice’, which is certainly possible, but cannot be proven on the basis of one attestation.

[AH.B.]

The verb is probably based on a noun, not attested in HLuw., and derived with the suffix /-a-^(ti)/, which typically inflects according to the mi-conjugation (Sasseville 2021a:34).

[AH.B.]

The verb occurs in ritual incantations and smaller fragments of the same (on MS and NS manuscripts).

[E.R.]

For the restoration of KUB 35.35, 2’ and the join with KUB 35.72, see Sasseville 2021a:562f. For the form za-ap-pu-un-ta in KUB 35.68, 10’f., see under zappu- ‘to count, match (?)’. – The assignment to this lemma of the fragmentary attestations in KBo 8.129 is far from assured.

[E.R.]

Checked against the photographs in the Konkordanz.

[E.R.]

Starke 1990a:112 n. 311 doubts an immediate relationship with Hitt. zappiye/a-^(mi) ‘to trickle, leak’, but does not assign any other meaning. As Laroche (DLL:113) before him, Melchert (CLL:278) does not offer any translation but characterizes the meaning generically as ‘(a destructive action)’. This is drawn from a passage in the Puriyanni ritual (KUB 35.54 iii 37-40), where the disposal of harmful words and contamination is described by means of the verb zappa-^(ti) (see Sasseville 2021a:34f.). Further elucidation was provided by Poetto 2010c:298-300, who recognized its cognate in Hieroglyphic Luwian za-pa- in ȘARAGA §3. There is it used for ‘offrire in sacrificio’ with a bull as its direct object. The assumption then is that the meaning was changed metonymically to slaughtering or killing, and through bleaching even destruction in general.

While this is possible, it seems preferable to start from a concrete type of killing. Keeping in mind that there is a homophonous root zapp- (derived as Hitt. zappiye/a-^(mi)) ‘to trickle, leak’, the idea that factitive zappa-^(ti) means ‘to make a flow (of liquid); to drain, let flow; to let bleed (?)’ seems attractive. Accordingly, it would be the process of bleeding the sacrificial animal that gave the name to whole act of sacrifice (for parallels see Rieken 2015a). Later, ‘to let bleed’ came to mean ‘to weaken’, and probably further ‘to destroy’, and could be used with a variety of objects (cf. NHG ‘ausbluten’).

[E.R.]

The lexeme belongs to the class of non-lenited verbs in -a-^(ti) (Morpurgo Davies 1982-1983a:270; Sasseville 2021a:34-36) with factitive function. It is derived from the noun zappa- ‘draining, flowing, bleeding (?)’ (lexicalized as ‘drain, canal, sewer’), which in turn is based on the root zapp- ‘to trickle, leak, flow’, well-known from Hittite.

[E.R.]

1. zappalalla
2. zappalalla/i-

The word is attested once in fragmentary context. No genre can be assigned to the text.

[E.R.]

Checked against the photograph in the Konkordanz.

[E.R.]

Although the context of the zappammienzi is hopelessly destroyed, it seems clear on formal grounds that the form belongs to the Luwian verb zappa-^(ti) ‘to make a flow (of liquid); to drain, let flow; to let bleed (?)’ (cf. Starke 1990a:112 n. 311).

[E.R.]

The verb zappa-^(ti) ‘to make a flow (of liquid); to drain, let flow; to let bleed (?)’ is a member of the class of non-leniting verbs in -a-^(ti) (see under Lemma).

[E.R.]

For the lemma head see PAnat. *zap-.