tarpālla/i-

In the Cuneiform Luwian corpus, the lexeme is attested only once in a Luwian letter.

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Checked against the photographs in the Mainzer Fotoarchiv.

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The form tarpališ spelled with singleton -l- at the line end is possibly identical with Luwian tarpalla/i- ‘(ritual) substitute’ in Hittite transmission, but the fragmentary state of the tablet does not permit a conclusive contextual analysis; see CLL:214 for the identification, whereas Yakubovich 2017d considers an isolated attestation of a putative lexeme tarpalla/i- meaning ‘aggressive (?)’, certainly assuming a cognate of tarp(a)i-^(di) ‘to attack, advance against’.

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See under Luwian tarpalla/i- ‘(ritual) substitute’ in Hittite transmission.

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Most of the approx. 100 attestations are found in ritual texts, one in a medical omen, and one in a lexical list (from MS onwards). Only a selection is listed below.

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nom. sg.	tar-pa-al-li-iš	KBo 1.42 iv 28	(CTH 303, NS)
	tar-pal-li[š]	KUB 37.193 obv. 5	(CTH 537, NS)
acc. sg.	tar-pa-al-li-in	KUB 36.94 rev. 12’	(CTH 419, NS)
	tar-pa-a-al-li-in	KBo 47.16, 7’	(CTH 452, NS)
dat./loc. sg.	tar-pa-al-li	KUB 24.5 obv. 23’	(CTH 419, NS)
	[t]ar‑pa‑a‑a[l‑li]	KBo 10.36 iii 9’	(CTH 448, NS)
nom. pl. (Hitt.)	tar-pa-al-⸢li⸣-i-e-eš	KUB 7.10 i 2	(CTH 448, NS)
	tar-pal-li-iš	KUB 42.94 rev. 11	(CTH 448, NS)
acc. pl. (Hitt.)	tar-pa-al-li-u[š]	KUB 36.94 rev. 11’	(CTH 419, NS)
dat./loc. pl. (Hitt.)	tar-pa-al-li-ia-aš	KUB 43.41 iii 5’	(CTH 448, NS)
instr. (Hitt.)	tar‑pa‑al‑li‑i[t]	KBo 61.51, 2’	(CTH 470, NS)

On the faulty dat./loc. pl. kēdāš tarpalliuš at KUB 24.12+ ii 29, iii 4/11, see van den Hout 2006a:224 n. 42.

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Checked against the photographs in the Mainzer Fotoarchiv. – About 5% of the attestations are marked by gloss wedges.

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The semantic interpretation was proposed by Sommer & Ehelolf 1924a:17, based on the equation with Akk. dinānu ‘substitute; wraith’ in the lexical list KBo 1.42 (at iv 28); for its general acceptance, see the entries in DLL:93f.,HW:216, HEG T:207-209, CLL:214, HHw:169, and Ünal 2007a:699. More information about the role of the tarpālla/i- ‘substitute’ in rituals and the terminological distinction from the nakušši- ‘sin carrier, scapegoat’ is offered by van Brock 1959a:117-126, Kümmel 1967a:19-22 and Gurney 1977a:52-58.

Once the term is used instead of tarpanalla/i- ‘(ritual) substitute, rival’ in a duplicate, but Tischler 1981a:22f. (followed by Starke 1990a:233) emphasizes its synonymousness with tarpāššā- ‘(ritual) substitute’. In contrast, Mouton 2004a:55 insists that there is a difference in meaning between tarpanalla/i- and tarpāššā- in that the former functions as a carrier of the evil to be presented to the offended deity, to be destroyed or sent away, whereas the latter is a substitute presented to the offended deity with the purpose of deflecting the divine wrath from the ritual patron.For the unclear function in the medical omen text, see Giusfredi & Pisaniello 2021a:263.

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The stem consistently ends in -i- in Hittite. Following Giusfredi & Pisaniello 2021a:263, it is fully integrated in Hittite, but the suffix -alla/i- clearly points to a Luwian stem tarpalla/i- with i-mutation.

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1. tarpalliman

Like other members of the word family, tarpalla/i- is attributed to Luwian on account of the gloss wedges, the root, and the suffix (DLL:93f., Josephson 1979a:181, Tischler 1981a:23, Starke 1990a:233, CLL:214, Hawkins 2000a:512, HHw:169, HEG T:207-209, Melchert 2005a:449f, van den Hout 2006a:243, Giusfredi & Pisaniello 2021a:273).

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For the lemma head see CLuw. *tarp-.