kug(g)ulla-

The lexeme occurs in many different genres, viz. the Hurrian-Hittite bilingual, depositions, inventories, festivals, and rituals (from MS onwards). The attestations listed here provide a representative sample, and more can be found in Nakamura 2002a:165-167.

[E.R.]

Checked against the photographs in the Mainzer Fotoarchiv, except for HT 1 and KBo 11.73. – The initial sequence and case form of -u]g-gul-li-ia at KUB 27.67 iv 33’ are unclear, but it can be stated with certainty that Hitt. gulliya as cited by Melchert 1983b:139 and the dictionaries thereafter represents a ghostword. There is no space between the traces remaining of UG and GUL.

[E.R.]

The interpretation of the substantive prompted a number of treatments, for which see Nakamura 2002a:165-167. While Schwartz 1938a:346 (followed in HW:356, 428, Otten 1955b:129 n. 1 and Otten 1958a:134, Kronasser 1966a:173, Werner 1967a:6f., HEG A-K:617, HED K:233, Ünal 2007a:356) regarded kug(g)ulla- as a measure or a (circular?) container used for measurement (also marked with determinative URUDU ‘copper’), others pointed out that kug(g)ulla- sometimes occurs with determinative NINDA for pastries, viz. HHw:82, HED K:223, CHD L-N:184, Neu 1988a:17f. n. 46, Neu 1996a:166f., HEG A-K:617, Ünal 2007a:356, Nakamura 2002a:151, 165-167. The last three scholars posit explicitly two homonymous, but separate lexemes.

The term kug(g)ulla- governs the genitival attributes mun ‘salt’, bappir ‘bear-bread’, ga.kin.ag tur ‘small cheese’ (KBo 53.125, 11’), ì udu ‘sheep-fat’, zì.da še ‘barley flour’, ḫariyantiya-^SAR (a plant), duḫ.lál ‘beeswax’, but also a depictive zanuwant- ‘cooked’ (for attestations and contexts, see HED K:223). All these could be either the content of a vessel, or the material used for the production of a kug(g)ulla-. However, since kug(g)ulla- is never marked with DUG, the determinative for vessel designations, the former alternative can be discarded, and a product made of these substances seems to be the only option. This hypothesis is further confirmed by the fact that a kug(g)ulla- is made of “all seeds” (KUB 7.1 i 19-24, KUB 41.8 ii 40’). If a kug(g)ulla- denotes a certain shape (e.g. a special kind of loaf), it would also fit the idea of a measure term and the determination with ninda. In fact, translations like ‘chunk, lump’ (Erkut 1990a:7) and ‘ball, chunk, lump’ (Ünal 2007a:356) have been suggested. However, as Nakamura 2002a:166f. (building on Neu 1996a:166f.) points out, informative evidence comes from the Hurrian-Hittite bilingual, where in one passage kug(g)ulla- occurs with the determinative ninda for pastries (KBo 32.14 iii 9, translating Hurr. šullūbri ibid. iv 9) and, in another, translates Hurr. qaqqari (rev. 23/28). The latter represents a borrowing from Akk. kakkaru, which (like West Semitic kkr) denotes both a disc-shaped talent of metal and round flat bread. Accordingly, Nakamura cautiously concludes that a kug(g)ulla- could be a round, flattened object. Most recently, Torri 2022a:307 draws attention to a fragment from the Telipinu Myth, in which salt prepared for the ritual is described as 1 ⸢na⸣-ar-qu-bu mun ‘1 muller of salt’ (as commonly shaped in the Ancient Near East), i.e. the salt is delivered as a lump in the shape of another flat, round, disc-like object.

Finally, one can easily think of a copper disc as some kind of tool that would be marked with the determinative urudu (as in KUB 13.35 ii 12), which would reunite the uses of kug(g)ulla- into a single lexeme.

[E.R.]

The reduplication in kug(g)ulla- is apparent, so that the root can safely be identified as *kull- suffixed by the mutation vowels. While the a-stem is found in the overwhelming majority of the attestations, there is a single unambiguous occurrence of an i-mutated form, ku-ku-li-e-eš, at KBo 21.1 i 29, where the plene writing of -e- in the nom. pl. ending -eš indicates that it follows a stem final vowel -i-.

[E.R.]

1. šānak(k)ukkulla-

2. parzagulli(ya)-

1. kuggullāimma/i-

2. PN Kukkulli- (Laroche 1966b:604f.)

3. PN Kukullana/i- (Laroche 1966b:604f.)

The i-stem besides the normal a-stem, the single occurrence of the gloss wedge marking, and the concentration in Luwian-influenced and Kizzuwatnean texts (thus already Rosenkranz 1952a:10) make the lexeme suspect of a Luwian borrowing. Also, the clearly Luwian formation of the derivative ^TÚGkuggullāimma/i- ‘garment decorated with round plates’ and other Luwian derivatives from the root kull- point into the same direction.

[E.R.]

For the lemma head see CLuw. *kull-.