/tubas(s)adi/, tù-pa-sa6-
‘battle’
- Language
- Hieroglyphic Luwian
- Class
- Derivative
- Grammar
- subst
- ID
- 290
1. Individual Anatolian Languages
1.1 Hieroglyphic Luwian
/tubas(s)adi/, tù-pa-sa6-
‘battle’1.1.1Transmission
This word is a hapax legomenon attested in the TOPADA inscription (Tabal) dated to the reign of Wasusarma between 738-729 BCE.
[D.S.]
1.1.2Forms
| abl./instr. | /tubas(s)adi/ | tù-pa-sa6-ti | TOPADA, §18 (Tabal) |
1.1.3Graphic Features
The sign L.326 in the instance of TOPADA, §18 was previously read with its logographic value SCRIBA, see Hawkins & Morpurgo Davies 1979a:392. Later on, its syllabic value tù was assigned due to a comparison with the word /tub(a)i-(di)/ ‘to strike’, see Hawkins 2000a:457.
[D.S.]
1.1.4Meaning
The more general meaning ‘smiting’ was suggested by Hawkins; Morpurgo Davies 1979a:392. Later on, Hawkins 2000a:457 derives the noun from the verb /tub(a)i-(di)/ ‘to strike’ and suggests the more specific meaning ‘battle’. His suggestion of the base of the derivation however is incorrect, see under Stem. The context speaks of the military conquest of a king, who pretends that the gods ran before him and that, consequently, he was good (or successful) with tù-pa-sa6-. A meaning belonging to the semantic field of ‘striking’ or ‘fighting’ is appropriate. Accordingly, the meaning ‘battle’ was taken over by Weeden 2010b:53 and Payne 2012a:58.
[D.S.]
1.1.5Stem
Morphologically speaking, there are three possibilities of interpreting tù-pa-sa6-: neuter stem in /-as-/ or a stem with the suffix /-assa-/ (common gender or collective) or /-assa/i-/ (substantivized adjective). In either case, the word cannot have been derived from /tub(a)i-(di)/ ‘to strike’, because the morpheme -i- would be preserved in the derivative. The stem of tù-pa-sa6-ti could be derived from the root *tub-, i.e. a neuter stem in /-as-/, or it could be a denominal formation in /-assa-/ from a non-attested noun /*tuba(/i)-/.
[D.S.]
2. Proto-Indo-European
2.1Semantic Reconstruction
Because evidence for the synchronic stem class of HLuw. tubas(a)- ‘battle’ is not sufficient, evidence for both possible affiliations, neuter s-stem and (derivative from a) primary o-stem, is discussed below. The derivational base of the Carian divine name gen. sg. Τουβασσιο[ς], viz. Car. *tubassi-, requires an o-stem, whereas the equation of the Luwian and Carian stems is under discussion, cf. above.
2.1.1neuter s-stem
While the meaning of HLuw. tubas(a)- ‘battle’ and Gk. 2.στύπος n. ‘sound of thunder’ both can be traced back to ‘(event characterized by) striking’ (nomen actionis), Gk. 1.στύπος n. ‘stump, trunk’ appears to be a nomen rei actae (< *‘what is struck, cut off’, cf. GEW II:814).
In view of the close association of nomina actionis and nomina rei actae, esp. within the field of s-stems,Cf., e.g., the Latin s-stem opus ‘(nomen actionis) work, labor; (nomen rei actae) a work (of art)’, ModE building ‘(nomen actionis) building; (nomen rei actae) construction (that has been built)’.It is possible to equate Gk. 1.στύπος n. ‘stump, trunk’ with Gk. 2.στύπος n. ‘sound of thunder’. Thus, the former can be interpreted as a secondary nomen rei actae (‘what is struck’) having evolved out of the nomen actionis PIE *(s)téu̯pes- ‘the striking’.Cf. Stüber 2002a:224–231 on s-stem nomina rei actae and ibid. pp. 238–243 on s-stem nomina actionis and on how both are interrelated.
This reconstruction, however, is only valid if the latter HLuw. tubas(a)- ‘battle’ in the end turns out to be (derived from) a neuter s-stem PIE *(s)téu̯pes- ‘the striking’.
2.1.2derivational base (o-stem)
If HLuw. tubas(a)- ‘battle’ and Car. *tubassi- ‘of the hitting’ or ‘of the fighting/war’ are cognate, an o-stem has to be reconstructed as the derivational base. In four Core IE branches, possible continuants of a PIE o-stem *(s)t(E)u̯p-o- are attested. However, if PLuw. *tubassa- is seen as a possessive adjective derived from such an o-stem (*‘having *(s)t(E)u̯p‑o‑’), the derivational base ought to express the simple verbal meaning, viz. ‘striking’. This can be seen in Gk. τύπος m. ‘blow, beat’ which also shows as a secondary meaning ‘impression’ < *‘what is beaten’ (nomen rei actae). The latter connotation can be seen also in Gk. στύπος m. ‘(ropes out of) coarse fiber of flax or hemp’ (< *‘what is/has to be beaten’), in Latv. stups ‘worn-out broom; (broken) rod’ (< *‘what is struck’), and possibly in PGerm. *stūfa- ‘tree-stump, trunk’ (< *‘what is struck/cut off’) and PGerm. *stūƀa- ‘blunt’ (< *‘struck’). Therefore, PIE *(s)tup-ó- ‘striking (nomen actionis); struck (nomen rei actae)’ can be reconstructed.TochA ṣtop ‘stick’ continues o-grade of the root. As long as no other case forms are found, the underlying stem class cannot be determined. A reconstruction PIE *stou̯p-o- ‘what is struck’ or ‘instrument for striking’ is possible.
2.2Morphological Reconstruction
It cannot be decided whether HLuw. tubas(a)- continues a neuter s-stem or corresponds to Car. *tubassi- which has to be regarded a secondary derivative of an o-stem noun, cf. the discussion above.
2.2.1neuter s-stem
Both, Gk. 2.στύπος n. ‘sound of thunder’ and Gk. 1.στύπος n. ‘stump, trunk’, can be connected with HLuw. tubas(a)- on semantic grounds, cf. above. Such a connection would imply the separation from Car. *tubassi and the reconstruction of an s-stem PIE *(s)téup‑os‑/*(s)tup‑és‑ ‘striking’.In Greek, the weak stem stem form of the root was generalized: → pre-Gk. *(s)túp-os-/*(s)tup-és-.
2.2.2derivational base (o-stem)
The possible reconstruction PLuw. *tubassa- c. ‘striking’ (cf. above) is interpreted as derived from an o-stem. If the material adduced sub IE Transmission (o-stem) is cognate with the presumed derivational base PLuw. *tuba/i- ‘striking’, a zero grade o-stem *(s)tup-ó- can be reconstructed. However, in view of the semantic description as an original nomen actionis (cf. above), one would expect full grade in the root syllable, viz. **(s)tEu̯p-o-. This form, too, is a possible predecessor of PLuw. *tuba/i-. However, our tentative reconstruction is PIE *(s)tup-ó- ‘striking’.
[A.O.]
3. Transmission
s-stem
(?)Gk. 1.στύπος n., στύπη ‘(Gk.) στέλεχος (Hsch. σ 2086f. Latte), stump, (Gk.) κορμός (Hsch. σ 2086 Latte) (A.R., Plb.), trunk’
Gk. 2.στύπος n. ‘(Gk.) ὁ ψόφος τῆς βροντῆς (Hsch. σ 2086 Latte) (Nic.Th.951, Al.70), sound of thunder’
(Gk. 3.στύπος n.) ‘(Gk.) τοῦ ὀφθαλμοῦ τὸ σῶμα (Hsch. σ 2086 Latte), body of the eye, (Gk.) τὸ κύτος (Hsch. σ 2086 Latte), the hollow’Due to the meaning ‘hollow thing’, it is better connected with Gk. ἐντυπάς ‘squatting, crouching’ (hapax, Il.24.163), the Celtic lexemes W ystum f. ‘bend, form’, Bret. stumm ‘id.’ and perhaps to PGerm. *stūpēn- ‘to stoop’, PGerm. *staupa- adj. ‘steep’. On these, cf. PA *(s)teu̯p-. The PIE root ?*teu̯p- ‘to squat, crouch’ (LIV²:641) can be connected under the assumption of s mobile.
GEW II:813f., DELG:1066, EDG:1417, LSJ:1657
o-stem
Gk. τύπος m., τυπή f. ‘blow, beat; impression’ (Il.5.887+)
GEW II:945f., DELG:1145f., EDG:1518f., LSJ:1835, LfgrE IV:674
(?)Gk. στύπος m. (Gal.19.126) ‘(ropes out of) coarse fiber of flax or hemp’ (Hdt.8.52+)
GEW II:814, DELG:1066f., EDG:1417f., LSJ:1658, LSJ Suppl:282
o-stem
(?)PGerm. *stūfa- m. ‘tree-stump, trunk’, cf. ON stūfr ‘tree-stump, trunk, penis’, MHG stūve ‘tree-stump, trunk’, OE stofn ‘trunk, twig, sprout’, etc.
de Vries 1977a:555, Holthausen 1934a:324, Orel 2003a:384
(?)PGerm. *stūƀa- ‘blunt’ (?)< *‘cut off, struck’, cf. MLG stūf ‘blunt’
Heidermanns 1993a:562, Faltings 2010a:520f.On the long vowel, cf. the comment on the Germanic transmission s.v. PA *(s)teu̯p-.
(?)Latv. stups ‘worn-out broom; (broken) rod’
Ulmann 1872a:285