/kappilalla/i-/

This hapax is attested in a single inscription from Tell Ahmar, dating to the late 10^th or early 9^th century BCE.

[A.P.]

[A.P.]

Even though the word is attested only in a single inscription, its meaning can be deemed clear, see Hawkins 1978a:115f. Not only do its full cognate CLuw. kappilalla/i- ‘hostile, enemy’The meaning of the CLuw. word was already described by Götze 1933a:261-263. as well as the HLuw. adjective of appurtenance /kappilalli(ya)-/, attested in the same text, provide good etymological connections, but the context is also reasonably clear. Thus TELL AHMAR 1, §26 runs: [*a-]wa/i-mu DARE.CR[US^?] *a-mi-i-n[a] (“*314”)k[a]-pi-la-li-i-na, approx. /[a=]wa=mu … ammin kappilallin/, probably meaning ‘(This Storm-god Celestial Tarhunt heard me …) and he gave my enemy to me’ (cf. Hawkins 2000a:241).

[AH.B.]

A common gender, the word represents a substantivization of an adjective in /-alla/i-/. The derivational basis for the adjective must have been a noun */kappil(a)-/ vel sim., but it has so far remained unattested. However, the same base has doubtlessly served as source for a number of other cognates, viz. CLuw. kappilazza- ‘to become hostile’ and Hittite kappilaḫḫ- ‘to get in a fight’ etc., see under lemma head.

[AH.B.]

1. /kappilalli(ya)-/

The word occurs in tablets from two text groups, viz. the Extensive Annals of Muršili II and a Kizzuwatnean evocation ritual of gods of an enemy city (all NS).

[E.R.]

[E.R.]

Checked against the photographs in the Mainzer Fotoarchiv.

[E.R.]

Although the word occurs in two text groups only, the particular contexts made very clear early on that it refers to an inimical attitude of some sort. The first instance of kappilalla/i- in the Kizzuwatnean evocation ritual of the god of a hostile village thus reads: ka-a-aš-wa-mu uru-aš kap-pí-la-al-liš (rasure) e-eš-ta “this city was hostile/an enemy to me” (KUB 7.60 rev. iii 11´-12´, cf. Götze 1930a:225-226, HW 2nd ed. K:109, HED K:64). Already Götze 1930a:226 connected kappilalla/i- in this sentence to the verb kappilazza-⁽ⁱ⁾ and translated it tentatively as a predicative adjective ʻhatedʼ. Another passage, found in the annals of Muršili II and reciting the king’s military campaign against Kaskean lands, runs as follows: [     ]x ^URUtim-mu-ḫa-la-an ^URUti-ia-aš-ši-il-ta-an [^URUka-r]a-aš-šu-wa-an-na ar-ḫa wa-ar-nu-nu-un [    -mu^?] ^URUtim-mu-ḫa-la-aš ku-it kap-pí-la-al-li-iš e-eš-ta [nam-ma-as^?] ar-pu-u-wa-an aš-ru nu-kán ^URUtim-mu-ḫa-la-an [a-na ^d]10 en-ia ši-*ip-pa-an-da-aḫ-ḫu-un* na-an šu-up-pí-ia-aḫ-ḫu-un “[     ] I burnt down the city of Timmuḫala, Tiyaššilta, and Karaššuwa. [     ] because the city of Timmuḫala was hostile/an enemy [to me^?], [and] it (is) an impassable place, I consecrated Timmuḫala to the Weathergod, my lord, and purified it.“ (KUB 19.37 obv. ii 13´-15´; cf. Götze 1933a:168, HED K:64). Based on this evidence, Götze 1933a:168 adheres to the aforementioned translation, but later prefers a noun ʻobject of anger, nuisanceʼ (Götze 1933a:261).

The adjectival meaning ʻhatedʼ is accepted by most scholars (Hawkins 1978a:115, Tischler 1982c:34, Melchert 1987a:199, HEG A-K:492-493, Ünal 2007a:311, HW:99, slightly different Eichner 1979a:61). Starke 1990a:102 n. 261 adds the meaning ʻhostileʼ, which is followed by HHw:72, Melchert 2005a:450 and Tischler 2008a:79, whereas HED K:64, HW 2nd ed. K:109 and EDHIL:439 opt for a translation ʻprone to fight, aggressiveʼ. Götze’s (Götze 1933a:261) proposal of a noun is reconsidered by Starke 1990a:232 and 232 n. 787, CLL:100 and DCL:106. In the latter, Melchert suggests a substantival character for kappilalla/i- based on its full cognate HLuw. /kappilalla/i-/ (see above and Hawkins 1978a:114-115) attested as a noun, as well as its derived adjective HLuw. /kappilalli(ya)-/ ʻpertaining to the hostile oneʼ. The passages cited do not give a clue to whether the attestations of CLuw. kappilalla/i- should be read as predicative or rather substantivized adjectives. Based on this ambiguity, the translation ʻhated, hostile; enemyʼ is chosen here.For a semantic parallel cf. Gr. ἐχθρός ʻhated, hostile; enemyʼ.

[E.R.]

The lexeme is formed with the productive Luwian suffix -alla/i-, deriving denominal adjectives indicating appurtenance. Therefore, the formation is commonly regarded as the derivative of an unattested Luwian noun *kappila(/i)- ʻwrath, enmityʼ, also underlying kappilazza-⁽ⁱ⁾ ʻto be(come) hostile, furiousʼ, Hitt. kappilā(i)-^(mi) ʻto fomentʼ and Hitt. kappilaḫḫ-^(ḫi) ʻto rageʼ (cf. Kronasser 1966a:212, Tischler 1982c:34, HHw:72, Tischler 2008a:79, HEG A-K:492-493; differently Ünal 1996a, but see Reconstruction under kappilazza-⁽ⁱ⁾).

[E.R.]

The Luwian origin emerges primarily from its direct cognate in HLuw. /kappilalla/i-/ ʻhostile, enemyʼ and, on the morphological side, the Luwian suffix -alla/i-, showing i-mutation in the attested nom. sg.

[E.R.]

*This lemma was written together with Melvin Pötzsch.

For the lemma head see CLuw. *kappila(/i)-.