*g̑hr(e)u̯-
‘formerly’
- Language
- Proto-Anatolian
- Grammar
- adv
- ID
- 3826
1. Individual Anatolian Languages
1.1 Hieroglyphic Luwian
/ruwan/, rú-wa/i-na
‘formerly’1.1.1Transmission
This hapax is attested in a single inscription from Cilicia, dating to the early 7th century BCE.
[A.P.]
1.1.2Forms
| indecl. | /ruwan/ | rú-wa/i-na | KARATEPE 1 (Hu.), §33 (Cilicia) |
[A.P.]
1.1.3Graphic Features
1.1.3.1Phonological Interpretation
This lexeme constitutes one of the few words in HLuw. assumed to begin with /r/, an onset otherwise limited to personal names in the corpus, cf. Melchert 1994a:248, 256. The word is likely etymologically related to Hittite karū /kru/ ‘early’ and its family, which helps us narrow down its phonological interpretation to /ruwan/ (see HEG I-K:526-528, Kloekhorst 2010a:223 n. 73, Mottausch 2011a:76).
[AH.B.]
1.1.4Meaning
The semantic interpretation of this word can be deemed secure. Not only does it have a likely family of cognates with Hittite karū ‘early’ and related words (Bossert 1950-1951a:275). In the KARATEPE bilingual, it also corresponds to Phoenician l-pnm ‘in the past’ (cf. Krahmalkov 2001a:264). KARATEPE 1 (Hu.), §33 reads: á-pa-ta-za-pa-wa/i-ta “LOCUS”-la/i-ta-za〈〈-ha-pa-wa/i〉〉 kwa/i-ia hwa/i-sà-ta rú-wa/i-na á-sa-ta, approx. /abattanz=ba=wa=tta alantanz kwaya kwissanta ruwan asta/, meaning ‘and even in those places which were formerly feared’ (cf. Hawkins 2000a:53 and 62 regarding the elision of the particle chain after “LOCUS”-la/i-ta-za ‘places’).
[AH.B.]
1.1.5Stem
Although it appears but once, the word is assumed to be indeclinable. Likely a cognate to the family around Hittite karū ‘early’, it may feature suffixation with /-an/ similar to a number of other adverbs; see under Reconstruction.
[AH.B.]
1.2 Hittite
karū
‘early, formerly’1.2.1Literature / Comments
HW 2nd ed. K:222-226, Cambi 2005a
2. Reconstruction
2.1Reconstruction ‘formerly’
Hittite karū and HLuw. rú-wa/i-na, i.e. /ruwan/, are reconstructed as frozen case of an original u-stem *g̑hr(e)u̯-, in which the voiced velar *g̑(h) is regularly lost in Luwian (Čop 1971a:5f., HED K:114, HEG K:526f., Melchert 1994a:256, EDHIL:458). The exact case ending that is reflected is difficult to posit based solely on this data, although an endingless locative has been the preferred solution (see Mottausch 2011a:76 with further literature). On the Luwian analogical adverbial extension in /-an/, see Čop ibid. and EDHIL ibid. (differently Mottausch ibid. “*u̯er/n-”), although an original case ending, e.g. gen. pl. *-om, cannot be entirely excluded either; see below under the Proto-Indo-European lemma for the reconstruction of a locative in *-en.
[D.S.]
3. Proto-Indo-European
3.1Semantic Reconstruction
It is possible that Hittite karū ‘early, formerly’ (and Luwian /ruwan/) are connected with Young Avestan zruuān- m. ‘period of time, time span, time’ (thus Katz apud García Ramón 2008a:154 note 8), and that all are related to Old Norse grýandi f. ‘dawn’, Old Swedish, Norwegian gry ‘to dawn’, and Swedish, Danish gry ‘dawn’. In that case, ‘early (time)’ may be a common semantic denominator. Any further connection with *g̑her- ‘shine’ (cf. Lithuanian žeriù, žerė́ti ‘to shine’) or *g̑her- ‘short’ (perhaps Greek χρόνος m. ‘time’; cf. Hom. ἐπὶ χρόνον ‘for a short time’) is difficult to establish. Without the Germanic material, one could consider a relationship with *g̑erh2- ‘become old’ (thus Lubotsky 1998afor Avestan), though the laryngeal is probably not expected to be lost in Anatolia in this position.
3.2Morphological Reconstruction
All three branches point to a “base” *g̑hru- (i.e., a u-stem derived from *g̑her-, or the zero grade of a root *g̑hreu̯-). Luwian and Avestan show a striking parallel in exhibiting another n-element, which in the case of Luwian is perhaps best interpreted as a locative in *-en (which, in turn, suggests that Hittite karū represents the endingless locative of the u-stem). It is not uncommon for temporally used case forms of nouns denoting certain time expressions to be hypostasized into new nouns for these time expressions, compare *g̑héi̯-ōm ‘winter’ → *g̑hi-m-ér ‘in winter’, whence *g̑himer- ‘winter’ > Armenian jmeṙn ‘winter’, or *meh₁-(o)n ‘time period’ (Hittite mei̯an‑), gen. sg. *meh₁-n-és ‘during the time period’, whence*méh₁nōs ‘month’ (cf. Rieken 2001b:77f.), whose gen. sg. *meh₁ns-és ‘during the month’, in turn, may be the basis of Latin mēnsis ‘month’ (Burroni apud Höfler 2015b:224 note 12). Accordingly, *g̑hruu̯én (Luwian /ruwan/) can be seen as the basis of the hypostasis Young Avestan zruuan- m. ‘period of time, time span, time’.
[S.H.]
4. Transmission
Young Avestan zruuan- m. ‘period of time, time span, time’ (acc. sg. zruuānǝm, dat. sg. zrūne, gen. sg. zrū).Cf., e.g., Katz apud García Ramón 2008a:154 note 8; Lubotsky 1998a; Schaffner 2005a:94–96.
Old Norse grýandi f. ‘dawn’, Old Swedish, Norwegian gry ‘to dawn’, Swedish, Danish gry ‘dawn’.Cf., e.g., EDPG:188.