*(s)tóu̯-ri-
‘spear, lance’
- Language
- Proto-Anatolian
- Grammar
- subst
- ID
- 3331
1. Individual Anatolian Languages
1.1 Cuneiform Luwian
tūr(i)-
‘lance’1.1.1Transmission
The attestations of the word are found in the Puriyanni ritual and a ritual for the healing of a sick child from the Tauriša tradition.
[E.R.]
1.1.2Forms
| acc. sg. | tu-u-ri-im(=) | KBo 13.260 ii 4 | (CTH 766, NS) |
| tu-u-ri-in | KBo 13.260 ii 22 | (CTH 766, NS) | |
| ⸢tu⸣-u-ri-in | KBo 29.27 i 10’ | (CTH 766, NS) | |
| du-u-ri-in | KBo 13.260 ii 23 | (CTH 766, NS) | |
| abl./instr. | GIŠtu-u-ra-a-ti | KUB 35.54 ii 34’ | (CTH 758, MS) |
| tu-u-⸢ra⸣-ti | KBo 29.2 ii 10’ | (CTH 758, NS) |
Unclear is the assignment of tu-ra-a at Privat 40 iii 1 (published in Sasseville 2021b:176), which may represent a 2sg. impv. act. of the denominative verb or a collective nom./acc. of the present noun (Sasseville 2021b:176, with transliteration).
[E.R.]
1.1.3Graphic Features
Checked against the photographs in the Mainzer Fotoarchiv.
[E.R.]
1.1.4Meaning
The handbooks list tūr(i)- as ‘spear, lance’ in accordance with the meaning assumed for Hitt. GIŠtūri- (DLL:100, HW:427, Rieken 1999a:441) and/or consider it the designation of a garden tool, see Starke 1990a:412f. (‘Grabstock’), CLL:236, HHw:181, HEG T:457; cf. also Yakubovich 2019a:554. While there is only evidence for lances in Hittite iconography (according to Lorenz & Schrakamp 2011a) and the meaning ‘spear’ should therefore be rejected, the occurrence in a list of tools and weapons in KBo 13.260 (see Yakubovich 2019a:554) leaves open both a tool or a weapon. The interpretation as a weapon is given preference here because the Hittite cognate means ‘lance’.
[E.R.]
1.1.5Stem
The word belongs to the class of i-mutated nouns (CLL:236, Rieken 1999a:441).
[E.R.]
1.1.6Derivatives
1.2 Hittite
tūr(i)-, GIŠŠUKUR
‘spear, lance’1.2.1Literature / Comments
HEG T:455-457, EDHIL:899f., Opfermann, Sasseville & Süssenguth 2022a:104f. n. 1 and 5
2. Reconstruction
2.1Reconstruction ‘spear, lance’
Neumann 1976b:310 suggests for Hitt. tūr(i)- (and here by extension CLuw. tūr(i)-) an etymology with the root *steu̯- ‘to thrust’, which he extracts from “a d-extended (?)” *steu̯d- ‘to thrust’ (LIV²:601), built with a nominal suffix *-ri- (followed by DCL:s.v.), i.e. *(s)tóu̯-ri- ‘spear, lance’ (cf. the reconstruction of the weapon māri- < *h2móh1-ri- under Pal. marišš-(i)). If his root assignment is correct, a case of s-mobile would have to be posited to account for its unexpected disappearance in Hittite (just like in tiye/a-(mi) ‘to step’ < *(s)th2-i̯é/ó-). Concerning the use of the sign <u> as opposed to <ú>, see Kloekhorst 2014b:537-539. Differently, Kloekhorst (EDHIL:900) suggests as an alternative a connection with Hitt. tūriye/a-(mi) ‘to harness’ from a root *dhuh1r- (cf. Skt. dhū́r- ‘yoke, pole or shaft of a carriage’), which was already suggested by Hart 1983a:129 thinking semantically of the shaft also present in a spear or lance, albeit with much hesitation. HEG T:457 leaves the etymology open.
A thinkable alternative would be to reconstruct a *tuh1/3-ri- or *tuh1/3-ro- ‘long thing, shaft’ and compare this formation to the Gk. *σῦρος (< *tuh1/3-ro-) that Solmsen 1909a:130–131 invokes as the basis of Gk. σῦριγξ f. ‘pipe, quill, spear-case’. If this root could be specified as *tu̯eh3-, one might add σωλήν, -ῆνος m. ‘channel, gutter, pipe’ (*tu̯eh3-l°) and perhaps even σαυρωτήρ ‘ferrule or spike at the butt-end of a spear, by which it was stuck into the ground’ (Il., Hdt., etc.) and σαυνίον n. ‘javelin, membrum virile’ (with “super zero grade” σαυ- vis-à-vis σω- as in τραῦμα n. ‘wound’ and τιτρώσκω ‘wound’ < *terh₃-?; see Peters 1980b; IEW:1102) to the dossier. Especially the latter two formations are semantically close to the Anatolian words. This account, however, depends on the precise phonological outcome of *Vh3rV in Anatolian, for which the evidence is too scanty to allow a definite judgment.
[D.S.] [S.H.]