/pariyan/
‘beyond, exceedingly’
- Language
- Common Luwian
- Grammar
- adv
- ID
- 2717
1. Individual Anatolian Languages
1.1 Hieroglyphic Luwian
/pariyan/, PRAE-i-ia-na
‘beyond’1.1.1Transmission
This hapax is attested in a single inscription from Pancarli in the region of Sam’al-Y’DY, dating to the 10th or 9th century BCE.
[A.P.]
1.1.2Forms
| indecl. | /pariyan/ | PRAE-i-ia-n[a]-i | PANCARLI, §2 (Sam’al-Y’DY) |
[A.P.]
1.1.3Graphic Features
1.1.3.1Phonological Interpretation
The phonological interpretation of this word is reasonably secure. Herrmann, van den Hout & Beyazlar 2016a:61f. propose it based on comparison with the Hittite adverb pariyan ‘beyond’, and it also has a direct cognate in CLuw. pariyan ‘beyond’ (CLL:169). This is the most likely interpretation available for the spelling attested in PANCARLI, §2, 〈PRAE-i-ia-n[a]-i〉, for two further reasons. First, use of the logogram PRAE (sign *14) ties the word to the family around /pari/ ‘before, out, forth’. Second, the final 〈-i〉 is very probably to be understood as a space filler, because it does not correspond to the vowel in the preceding sign, and the HLuw. corpus holds a number of words ending in the sequence 〈-na-i〉, see Vertegaal 2017a:237f.Of course, not every such sequence is to be understood as space filling, because the ending /-ai/ is the regular 3sg. pres. act. ending of the ḫi-conjugation. In PANCARLI, §2, however, the word in question is immediately preceded by a verb and contextually unlikely to represent another.
[AH.B.]
1.1.4Meaning
The meaning suggested by Herrmann, van den Hout & Beyazlar 2016a:61f. corresponds to that of the likely Hittite cognate pariyan ‘beyond’, conforming to CLuw. pariyan ‘beyond’ (CLL:169). In the HLuw. context, the clause in PANCARLI, §2 reads: *a-[w]a/i-ta! ku-ma-na ˹X˺(.)NEPOS-ia-ti [k]wa/i-ti-i [(AVUS?)]hu-ha-ti [CRU]S.CRUS?-˹i˺-´ PRAE-i-ia-n[a]-i, approx. /a=wa=ada=tta kuman hamsiyaTi huhadi niyazzai pariyan/, meaning ‘When it passes from grandfather to grandson (and?) beyond’, cf. Herrmann, van den Hout & Beyazlar 2016a:61. They compare it to the HLuw. complex verb /parran niyazza-(i)/ ‘to pass down’ (see e.g. Sasseville 2021a:445). Although it is somewhat unlikely that /pariyan/ represents a preverb in PANCARLI, §2 in the same way, as it occurs after the verb rather than before, the meaning of the phrase is likely similar.
[AH.B.]
1.1.5Stem
The adverb is very probably cognate with CLuw. pariyan ‘beyond’ and Hittite pariyan ‘beyond’, see CLL:169 and Herrmann, van den Hout & Beyazlar 2016a:61f.; it derives from /pari/ ‘before, out, forth’.
[AH.B.]
1.2 Cuneiform Luwian
pariyan
‘beyond, exceedingly’1.2.1Transmission
The lexeme occurs in rituals, mainly the Ritual for the Sick Child from the Tauriša tradition, and a letter fragment (CTH 769).
[E.R.]
1.2.2Forms
| indecl. | pa-ri-ia-an | KBo 13.260 iii 8, iii 14 | (CTH 766, NS) |
| pa-ri-ia-am(=) | KBo 13.260 iii 12 | (CTH 766, NS) | |
| pa-ri-ia-an | KBo 29.38 rev. 18’ | (CTH 769, MS?) | |
| ⸢pa⸣-ri-⸢ia⸣-an | KBo 29.43 r. col. 6’ | (CTH 768, NS) |
1.2.3Graphic Features
Checked against the photographs in the Mainzer Fotoarchiv.
[E.R.]
1.2.4Meaning
The first text containing CLuw. pariyan was published only in 1967. Some 15 years later, Carruba 1982a:43 equated the lexeme with the homophonous adverb/postposition/preverb pariyan known from Hittite. Since then, the interpretations have centered around ‘beyond, across, exceedingly, especially, before, moreover’, parallel to the corresponding Hittite word (Starke 1990a:393, 454 n. 1645, 565, CLL:169, HHw:s.v., Poetto 2000a:434f., Rieken 2004a:464f., Schürr 2005a:148, HEG P:460, HED PA:108 and 126, EDHIL:635f., Yakubovich 2010a:236-238, Dunkel 2014a:7). This conforms to the few contexts that came down to us. The meaning ‘across, beyond’ is found at KBo 13.260 iii 12’f. and 14’f. with the two motion verbs tarza- ‘to turn’ and uppanna-(i) ‘to bring’, both used with the local particle -tta. In contrast, KBo 13.260 iii 8’ shows pariyan with strengthening force before adjectives: pariyan šarḫaminzi ‘exceedingly šarḫama/i-’, likewise pariyan tarpališ ‘exceedingly aggressive?’ at KBo 29.38 rev. 18’.
A remarkable syntactic trait can be seen in KBo 13.260 iii 12’f. Following Carruba 1986a:50-52), pariyan (spelled pa-ri-ia-am=ša) is suffixed with a possessive pronoun =ša in the nom./acc. sg. n., thus parallel in construction with Hitt. peran=šet ‘before it’, kitkar=šet ‘at its head’ etc.
[E.R.]
1.2.5Stem
CLuw. pariyan can be analyzed as a compound of parī /pri/ ‘forth, away’ and -an ‘in, under’, which fits the synchronic semantics ‘beyond, exceedingly’ perfectly; cf. Melchert 1994a:135 for pariyan and -an, and Boroday & Yakubovich 2018a:16 for CLuw. parr-an.
Earlier interpretations operated with a variety of re-enforcing particles, i.e. *-e-m (Brosch 2014b:363), *-om (EDHIL:635f.), *-ām < *-a-em (Dunkel 2014a:7). Yet another possibility was suggested by Carruba 1982a:43, who thought of a neuter nom./acc. sg. of an adjective pariya- derived from parī ‘forth, away’.
[E.R.]
1.2.6Derivatives
For the lemma head see CLuw. parī.