/tad-/, (“PODIUM”)ta-
‘block’
- Language
- Hieroglyphic Luwian
- Grammar
- subst, neuter
- ID
- 1975
1. Individual Anatolian Languages
1.1 Hieroglyphic Luwian
/tad-/, (“PODIUM”)ta-
‘block’1.1.1Transmission
This lexeme is attested five times in inscriptions from Karkamiš, dating from the 10th to the mid-8th century BCE.
[A.P.]
1.1.2Forms
| acc. sg. | /ta(d)=sa/ | ta-sà | KARKAMIŠ A6, §28 (Karkamiš) |
| dat./loc. sg. | /tadi/ | (“PODIUM”)ta-ti | KARKAMIŠ A1a, §20 (Karkamiš) |
| (“PODIUM”)ta-ti | KARKAMIŠ A1a, §19 (Karkamiš) | ||
| /tasi/ | ta-si | KARKAMIŠ A6, §28 (Karkamiš) | |
| nom. pl. | /tasa/ | ta-sa | CEKKE, §15 (Karkamiš) |
Hawkins 2000a:488, 490 and probably also Melchert 1994a:362 attribute an additional attestation to the present lexeme, from KULULU 2, §6: 〈“PODIUM”-tà-sa-za〉, which they read as 〈(“PODIUM”)tà-sa-za〉. However, the presence of 〈tà〉 and the rather different looking stem in /°das(a)-/ suggest that it belongs to another lexeme.
In contrast, the two attestations from KARKAMIŠ A1a, §§19-20 included in the above table are attributed to a different lexeme by Hawkins 2000a:88, 90, viz. HLuw. /hummad(i)-/ ‘precinct’, regarding them as abl./instr. instead of dat./loc. sg. However, both are preceded by /abassan/, the dat./loc. sg. of the 3rd person possessive, and therefore likely also dat./loc. sg.
[A.P.] [AH.B.]
1.1.3Graphic Features
1.1.3.1Phonological Interpretation
The phonological interpretation of this word is reasonably secure. Due to sign identification issues, the word used to be conflated with the semantically similar noun [X] HLuw. /tanid-/ ‘installation’, but Hawkins 2000a:418 was able to establish a differentiation between the two. Ending in a stop as visible in the dat./loc. sg. /tadi/, /tad-/ regularly loses its final dental in the originally endingless nom./acc. sg., and the neuter particle /=sa/, introduced at a later date, attaches to this shortened stem (cf. Melchert 2003b:182). In the later inscriptions from the 9th and 8th century BCE, the stem appears to have been reinterpreted as /tas-/ on the basis of the nom./acc. sg. form /ta=sa/, resulting in the dat./loc. sg. /tasi/ in KARKAMIŠ A6, §28 and the nom./acc. pl. /tasa/ in CEKKE, §15, when the expected forms would be /tadi/ and /tada/ respectively.
The present lexeme features the logogram PODIUM (sign *264) as a determinative in a few attestations, which is also used for HLuw. /hummad(i)-/ ‘precinct’.
[AH.B.]
1.1.4Meaning
The present meaning is suggested by Yakubovich 2017e:s.v. on the basis of the available contexts, since the evident etymological connection with the verb HLuw. /tu(wa)-/ ‘to stand’ opens up a wide range of similar meanings. Based on KARKAMIŠ A6, §28, Hawkins 2000a:125 suggested the meaning ‘stele’ for the present lexeme. However, the evidence from KARKAMIŠ A1a, §§19-20 shows that ‘block’ vel sim. is more appropriate, since the author gives thanks at such an object to the deities he deems himself supported by: *a-wa/i-ta kwa/i-i-ha *a-pa-sa-na (“PODIUM”)ta-ti PRAE-i *466-zú-ní-ha kwa/i-i-ha-wa/i-ta *a-pa-sa-na (“PODIUM”)ta-ti PRAE-i *466-zú-ní-ha, approx. /a=wa=tta kwin=ha abassan tadi pari kwanzunihha kwin=ha=wa=tta abassan tadi pari kwanzunihha/, meaning ‘I worshipped one at his block, and another I worshipped at his (own) block’ (cf. Hawkins 2000a:88). At CEKKE, §15, finally, the word is used to describe border markers.
[AH.B.]
1.1.5Stem
Etymologically linked to the verb /tu(wa)-/ ‘to put’, the present noun is a neuter derived in /-d-/. A loss of final stops in Luwian results in stem allomorphy: /ta-/ for the nom./acc. sg., and /tad-/ for the remainder of the paradigm. As is common for neuters, its nom./acc. sg. is later enlarged by the neuter marker /=sa/, which is subsequently reinterpreted as part of the stem, i.e. /tas-/.
[AH.B.]