/niwaralla/i-/
‘foreign, hostile’
- Language
- Common Luwian
- Class
- Derivative
- Grammar
- adj
- ID
- 1276
1. Individual Anatolian Languages
1.1 Hieroglyphic Luwian
/nawaralla/i-/, na-wa/i+ra/i-li-
‘foreign’1.1.1Transmission
This lexeme is a hapax legomenon, whose sole attestation can be found on a cylinder seal of uncertain origin. It its dated to the early 7th century BCE, i.e. towards the end of the HLuw. period.
[AH.B.]
1.1.2Forms
| nom. sg. c. | /nawarallis/ | na-wa/i+ra/i-li-sa | PORADA seal |
1.1.3Graphic Features
1.1.3.1Phonological Interpretation
The lexeme is attested only once, yet its phonological interpretation can be deemed reasonably secure for its connection to the word family around /waralla/i-/ ‘own’. Remarkable is the fact that the privative morpheme takes the shape /na-/ instead of /ni-/, the latter being much more common in both HLuw. and CLuw. (cf. Starke 1990a:452f.). Still, already Hawkins 1981a:174f. had linked the word to the GKW 
niwaralla/i- ‘alien, hostile’ (cf. CLL:160), remaining uncertain over whether the choice of the sign 〈na〉 (*35) over 〈ni / ní〉 (*411 / *214) represents an actual phonetic difference or merely an orthographic variant.
[AH.B.]
1.1.4Meaning
As the word is a hapax legomenon in HLuw., its precise meaning remains somewhat out of reach, not least since the context in PORADA seal is minimal: (DEUS)TONITRUS-hu (DEUS)ku+AVIS na-wa/i+ra/i-li-sa, i.e. /Tarhu Kubaba nawarallis/ with the deity names abbreviated and uninflected, translating as ‘Tarhu(nza) (and) foreign? Kubaba’, see Hawkins 1981a:174f. for discussion of possible meaning and Hawkins 2000a:577.
Outdated is the analysis by Puhvel (HED N:122), who tentatively suggested a meaning such as ‘unallied’, linking the word to the Hittite verb warrā(i)-(mi) ‘to help’.
1.1.5Stem
The adjective is a privative compound based on /waralla/i-/ ‘own’, cf. Hawkins & Morpurgo Davies 1975a:129 and Hawkins 1981a:175. Like its base word, it shows i-mutation.
The context in PORADA seal sees the adjective following two uninflected deity names, which caused Hawkins 2000a:577 to remark that the nom. sg. c. ending visible on the adjective should be assumed as the case for the bare stem names despite their lack of overt inflections.
[AH.B.]
1.2 Luwian (Glossenkeilwörter)
niwaralla/i-
1.2.1Transmission
Both attestations are found in the NS copies of the myth of the Kingship of DKAL (Kumarbi Cycle).
[E.R.]
1.2.2Forms
| nom. sg. c. | ni-wa-ra-al-li-iš |
KUB 33.111, 9’ | (CTH 343, NS) |
| ni-wa-ra-al-li-˹eš˺ |
KUB 36.2d ii 9’ | (CTH 343, NS) |
1.2.3Meaning
The adjective niwaralla/i- describes the improper or even hostile behavior of DKAL that induces the lands to perform the action niwaralla- and refuse to make their offerings to the gods. Accordingly, the meaning suggested so far vacillate between several semantically close negative notions; cf. Güterbock 1946a:42f. (‘aufsässig(?)’), followed by Otten 1950a:12, Meriggi 1957a:202f. n. 26 (‘ungehorsam’), DLL:75 (‘impuissant’), van Brock 1962a:116 (‘hostile’, ‘infécond, stérile’), Hawkins & Morpurgo Davies 1975a:129 (‘alien, hostile’), Starke 1990a:452 (‘fremd, feindlich’), CHD L-N:460 (‘improper(?)’), CLL:160 (‘alien, hostile’), and Tischler 2008a:114 (‘schwach(?)’, aufsässig(?)’). It is the conclusive semantic interpretation of the antonym waralla/i- ‘own’ attested in Hieroglyphic Luwian (by Hawkins & Morpurgo Davies 1975a:129, see under Lemma) that tips the scales in favor of ‘alien, hostile’. Puhvel’s (HED N:122) suggestion ‘unhelpful, uncaring, heedless’ fails to convince because of consistent -r- in niwaralla/i-, which is incompatible with -rr- in warr- ‘help’.
[E.R.]
1.2.4Stem
The word is a privative compound with prefix ni- ‘not, un-’ of waralla/i- ‘one’s own’, which belongs to the productive type of adjectival -alla/i- formations.
[E.R.]
1.2.5Origin
The Luwian origin is indicated not only by the use of the gloss wedges, but also by the verified Luwian status of both members of the compound.
[E.R.]
For the lemma head see Luw. /waralla/i-/.