sñta
‘10’
- Language
- Lycian A
- Grammar
- num
- ID
- 1038
1. Individual Anatolian Languages
1.1 Lycian A
sñta
‘10’1.1.1Transmission
This lexeme is found in penalty formulas of grave inscriptions of West Lycia.
[D.S.]
1.1.2Forms
| indecl. | sñta | |
| TL 149.9 (Rhodiapolis) | ||
| [sñ]ṭa | TL 134.4 (Limyra) |
1.1.3Graphic Features
The word sñta in TL 134 was read by Kalinka 1901a:87 as ṭṇ̃ṭa (followed by Friedrich 1932a:85). The reading [sñ]ṭa is offered by Christiansen 2020a:254f., although Meriggi 1936b:267 had already tentatively suggested the reading ṣṇ̃ṭạ. On the paper squeeze Christiansen provides, it is tempting to read ṭṇ̃ṭa, although it would have to be emended to ṣ!ṇ̃ṭa based on the context and parallel formulas. Nevertheless, the transliteration given by Christiansen is followed here.
[D.S.]
1.1.4Meaning
The word sñta designates a number, as can be seen in kbisñtãta ‘20’. On etymological grounds, sñta was taken to mean ‘100’ (Savelsberg 1878a:31 followed by Meriggi 1936b:266-268), although this is contextually inadequate. Rather and contextually more realistic, it is the number ‘10’ (Laroche 1974b:146 n. 41), which Melchert (DLL:58) justifies historically; cf. under Reconstruction. The interpretation as ‘ten’ is also motivated by similar inscriptions of Cilica and Isauria written in Greek: καὶ Θεοῖς καταχθονίοις ὁλοκαυστήσει βοῦς τελε[ί]ους δέκα (MonAnt 23.112 in Paribeni & Romanelli 1914a:154f.) ‘(If …), he will immolate to the gods below ten full-grown bovines.’, [ἀπ]οτεισάτω εἰς τὸν δῆ[μον δραχμὰ]ς πεντακοσίας [κ]α̣ὶ βο̣[ῦς λ]ε̣υκοὺς δέκα, μέλα[ν]ε̣ς̣ [δέκ]α (SEG 20.91) ‘(if) …, he will pay as a fee 500 drachmas to the people as well as ten white bovines (and) ten black (bovines). This can be compared to the Lycian sentence: se[=ttitti mali] wedrẽñni : am͂mãma : km͂ma : sñta : wawã (TL 149.8-9) ‘[He will pay to Malija] of Rhodiapolis, as many as are full-grown, ten bulls…’.Carruba 1974a:591f. suggests that sñta means ‘one’ despite the collective number, but this is supported neither contextually nor linguistically.
[D.S.]
2. Reconstruction
2.1Reconstruction
The Lycian word sñta ‘10’ suggests a Proto-Anatolian pre-form *k̂N̥taH (see Melchert 1989b:25). From an etymological perspective, it has been often connected to the Proto-Indo-European word for ‘hundred’ (see Eichner 1992a:90). Melchert (DLL:58) suggests convincingly that Lyc. A sñta originates in the word for ‘hundred’, though secondarily abstracted from decads, i.e. sñta < *dk̂m̥teh2 (followed by Neumann 2007a:330). The etymological connection with Hitt. sani- ‘one and the same’ is unconvincing and phonologically incorrect (contra HEG S:830, see Melchert 1994a:304), but one should compare HLuw. CENTUM.
[D.S.]
3. Proto-Indo-European
3.1Semantic Reconstruction
PIE *k̑m̥tóm is the numeral for ‘100’; cf. EIEC:405, Watkins 2000a:15 s.v. dekm̥.
3.2Morphological Reconstruction
Derivationally, PIE *k̑m̥tó- n. ‘100’ is likely to be related to the PIE numeral *dék̑m̥ ‘10’ or, more precisely, to its t-stem derivative *dék̑m̥-t- ‘decad, group of ten’ > Ved. daśát- f. ‘decad’ (MS+), Gk. δεκάς (δεκάδ-) f. ‘company of ten’ (Il.+), etc. Thus, the oldest form of the numeral for ‘100’ is usually reconstructed as *dk̑m̥tó-. The morphological and semantic details of this formation, however, remain uncertain: *dk̑m̥tó- can either be interpreted as an ordinal, i.e. ‘hundred’ < “the ‘tenth ten’” (EDLIL:108) or “‘tenth decade’” (EIEC:405) vel sim. Alternatively, *dk̑m̥tó- could also have been a collective formation *dk̑m̥-t-ó- ‘consisting of [ten] decads, group of [ten] decads’ > ‘100’. For further discussion and literature, cf. the thorough study by Rau 2009a.
[T.S.]
4. Transmission
Ved. śatá- n. ‘100’ (RV+); YAv. sata- n. ‘100’, OPers. *θata- n. (in the country name Θatagu- ‘Sattagydia’)Cf., e.g., EWAia II:606, Schmitt 2014a:259.
Lat. centum ‘100’ (Plaut.)Cf., e.g., EDLIL:107f. with further lit.
OIr. cét ‘100’, MW cant ‘id.’, etc.Cf., e.g., EDPC:188 with further lit.
Goth. hund ‘100’, OE hund ‘id.’, OHG hunt ‘id.’, etc.; cf. also the compound forms ON hundrað ‘100’, OE hundred, Germ. hundert, etc.Cf., e.g., EDPG:256.
OCS sŭto ‘100’, Russ. sto ‘id.’, SCr. stȏ ‘id.’, etc.Cf., e.g., EDSIL:482f.
TochB kante ‘100’, TochA käntCf., e.g., DTB²:146f.