*pana-

This onomastic element was segmented in the frequently attested name Panaga by Goetze 1954a:77 (for attestations see there and Laroche 1966b:135 No.926) based on the well attested Luwic onomastic element pana- (see s.v. Luwian *pana- and Carian *pana-), which is generally accepted (Houwink ten Cate 1961a:155; HEG L-S:409; Adiego 2007a:338 [implicitly]; but it was not included in the overview of Luwian names in Old Assyrian texts of Kloekhorst 2019b:58–65). However, no formal analysis was given and according to our current understanding of Hittite, Luwian and Palaic morphology, this cannot be a form Pana-(a)k(k)/g(g)a-, since such suffixes are unknown in these languages (cf. Hoffner & Melchert 2008a:53–62; Melchert 2003b:195–199; there is probably no suffix -ka- in Palaic, see Melchert 1984b:28–30 and s.v. Palaic ka- ‘this, these’, both with refs. and discussion contra Carruba 1970a:43, Carruba 1972a:25–27 and Starke 1982a:416 n. 40). Accordingly, this name does not contain the Anatolian word pana-.

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Last updated: 30 June 2020

Reconstructed from personal names attested in the Hittite and Neo-Hittite world in Hieroglyphic Luwian, Neo-Assyrian and Aramaean royal inscriptions and in a Hieroglyphic Luwian seal legend.

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Pana	(Beckman 1983b:625)
Pana-mmû / PN-MW	(Laroche 1966b:135 No. 927; Fuchs 2002a / Tropper 1993a:275)
Pana-muwati(ya)-	(Laroche 1966b:135 No. 928)

Attestations following HEG L-S:409 (cf. also Goetze 1954a:77f. and Laroche 1966b:135), but without Panuni(ya)- (Laroche 1966b:135 No. 930), as its connection is not assured. Whether Panāiš (Laroche 1966b:135 No. 925) belongs here, as proposed by Goetze 1954a:77, requires further investigations.

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Carruba 1993d:251 suggested that this word is identical to Luwian pūna- ‘all, every’. Although followed by Zehnder 2010a:20 (pana- would be “vermutlich nur ein spätes Allomorph”, without referring to Carruba), Adiego 2007a:338 already represented a more cautious formulation (“whether pana- was actually a variant of puna- is less clear”). Tischler even objected (HEG L-S:409) that these terms are kept separated in the alphabetic transmission, but in itself this is not necessarily a decisive argument. The real problem is that pana- cannot be derived from pūna- or the other way around, thus there is no phonologically or morphologically established way to connect these words. Accordingly, they are unrelated and the meaning of pana- remains unknown until further evidence.

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Reconstructed from Carian personal names and toponyms in Greek and Babylonian transmission.

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In personal names:

Πανα-βλημις	(Zgusta 1964a:§1197-3; Blümel 1992a:21; LGPN V.B:339)
Πανα-μυης	(Zgusta 1964a:§1197-6; Blümel 1992a:21; LGPN V.B:339)
Παν-υασσις	(Zgusta 1964a:§1198; Blümel 1992a:21; LGPN V.B:340)
Pan-essī	(BM 29488 obv. 7)

In toponyms:

Πανα-μαρα

(Zgusta 1984a:§1000; Blümel 1998a:176)

Attestations following Adiego 2007a:338. The shorter form in Παν-υασσις is probably to be attributed to the initial vowel of the second member. See Simon 2016e:275 with discussion for the suggestion that also the Carian name Pan-essī in Late Babylonian transmission contains this word (following the reading of Waerzeggers 2006a:13, contra the reading and interpretation of Zadok 2005a:82, 92).

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Adiego 2007a:338 entertains the possibility that this word is a variant of pun-/pn-/pñ- ‘all’, but he considers it as “less clear”. In fact, except the mere formal similarity, there is no reason to connect these words, especially since both words exist in Carian as well as in Luwian and at least in Luwian there is no way to explain the formal differences (see s.vv. with discussion, our knowledge of Carian is currently too limited for such a decision).

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