/zahhanuwa-(i)/, za-ha-nu-wa/i-
‘to cause to attack’
- Language
- Hieroglyphic Luwian
- Class
- Derivative
- Grammar
- verb
- ID
- 431
1. Individual Anatolian Languages
1.1 Hieroglyphic Luwian
/zahhanuwa-(i)/, za-ha-nu-wa/i-
‘to cause to attack’1.1.1Transmission
This lexeme is found in the inscription of KARKAMIŠ A1a belonging to the reign of Suhi II dated to the 10th century BCE.
[D.S.]
1.1.2Forms
| 3sg. pres. ind. act. | /zahhanuwatta/ | za-ha-nu-wa/i-ta | KARKAMIŠ A1a, §37 (Karkamiš) |
| 3pl. pres. impv. act. | /zahhanuwantu/ | za-ha-nu-wa/i-tú | KARKAMIŠ A1a, §38 (Karkamiš) |
1.1.3Graphic Features
1.1.3.1Phonological Interpretation
The phonological interpretation of this lexeme as /zahhanuwa-/ instead of /zahnuwa-/ is based upon the assumption that the stem vowel of the derivational base is kept, i.e. if it belongs to the ḫi-conjugation */zahha-(i)/→ /zahhanuwa-/ (cf. Hitt. ašāš-/ašeš-(i) ‘to settle’ → ašeš-a-nu-(mi) ‘to cause to settle’) or */zahha-/ c. → /zahhanuwa-/; see under Stem.
[D.S.]
1.1.4Meaning
Hawkins 2000a:91 suggests an etymological connection with Hitt. zāḫ-/zaḫḫ-(ḫi) ‘to hit, fight’ and assigns the meaning ‘to attack’ for Luw. /zahhnuwa-/. The causative verb /zahhnuwa-/, i.e. /zahh-/ + /-nuwa-/, is accompanied by the preverb a-tá /anda/ and can be analyzed semantically in two different ways:
- to make X (acc.) attack Y (dat.) (Hawkins 2000a:89)
- to make X (acc.) cause a fight to happen to Y (dat.)
The choice between the two depends on the contextual interpretation. However, it is clear that the divine punishment which happened to the author of the stele is supposed to happen to the potential offender. Unfortunately, the inscription is damaged at places, where the relevant information concerning the punishment of the author occurs; cf. Hawkins 1972a:93f., 111.
[D.S.]
1.1.5Stem
The causative verb /zahhanuwa-(i)/ can be derived from the verb */zahha-(i)/ cognate to Hitt. zāḫ-/zaḫḫ-(ḫi) ‘to hit, fight’ or it could be derived from the non-attested nominal base */zahha-/ ‘fight’ or the factitive */zahha-(ti)/ equating the Lycian factitive zxxa-(ti) ‘to fight’.
[D.S.]
For the base of the derivation see Proto-Luwic *zahhā-.