*sh₃eg/g̑-n-

The comparison between Hitt. šākan/šaknā- and Luw. tāin- n. (contra Starke 1990a:241 and HED SA:23), both meaning ‘oil’ allows for the reconstruction of an ablauting Proto-Anatolian neuter n-stem (Oettinger 2003c, Melchert 2007-2008a:182, 187). The initial t- in Luwian as opposed to š- in Hittite speaks for the reconstruction of an initial sequence *sh₃- (see Hitt. šākuwa- under Reconstruction against the previous literature). The root final consonant can be *g, g̑, g^h or g̑^h, any of which is regularly lost in Luwian. For the approximate choice of the reconstruction, see the PIE lemma below. The different positions of the plene spellings in Hittite speak for a mobile paradigm. To explain the i-vocalism in Luwian, Oettinger 2003cassumes that tāin- continues a collective form in *-ḗn (thus also Oettinger 2009a:344, Oettinger 2015b:258 n. 4). Because of the a-vocalism in Hittite, Oettinger 2003cand Kloekhorst (EDHIL:698f.) assumes an o-grade of the root, which is in principle possible, although no longer necessary if the root contains a *h₃. In any case, the plene spelled -ā- in Luw. dāin- must reflect a full grade *sh₃égn-, which was at the very least generalized. Furthermore, the sequence -īn- in Luwian must not come from a lengthened grade, since Pre-Luwian *-g/g̑^(h)e- yields -yi- (see Melchert 1994a:254). Therefore, a full accented suffix *sh₃(e)gén- would be expected to yield a similar outcome. The accented paradigm to be reconstructed depends on the comparative evidence between Hittite and Luwian; cf. Melchert 2007-2008a:187.

Rieken 1999a:294 (HEG S:718) adds to this root Hitt. iškiye/a-^(mi) ‘to annoint’, which can now be reconstructed as *sh₃g-i̯é/ó-.

[D.S.]

Continuants of the root *sh₃eg/g̑- are limited to Anatolian and, as proposed by Melchert 2007-2008a:187 note 14, Latin. Despite the limited evidence, the root can be reconstructed with the meaning ‘(be/make/become) fat’, which accounts both for the sense ‘fat, oil’ in the Anatolian nouns and for ‘fattening; food for fattening’ in Latin. Note that the Latin cognate precludes the reconstruction of either an aspirated stop *g^h/g̑^h or a labiovelar *g^u̯ (pace Cohen & Hyllested 2018a).

Despite superficial similarities, the Latin noun sagīna f. ‘food for fattening’ is not a derivative of the n-stem underlying Hittite šākan, šaknā- n. and Luwian tāin- n. ‘oil, fat’ (Proto-Anatolian *sh₃eg/g̑-n-). Rather, it is most likely an inner-Latin formation in -īna, a suffix sometimes used to derive verbal nouns (cf. Weiss 2020a:309): compare rapīna f. ‘robbery, plundering; plunder’ from rapiō, -ere ‘to snatch, steal’ (adduced by Melchert 2007-2008a:187 note 14), ruīna f. ‘collapse, ruin, destruction’ from ruō, -ere ‘to collapse, fall down’, and perhaps agī̆na f. ‘axle, pivot, or pin of a balance or scale’ (Paul. Fest.) from agō, -ere ‘to drive, do, act’ (cf. exagium ‘weighing, weight’). This would imply the existence of a verb *sagō or *sagiō ‘to fatten’ < *sh₃g/g̑-e/o- or *sh₃g/g̑-i̯e/o-. The latter formation is also reconstructed above under PAnat. *sh₃eg/g̑-n- ‘oil, fat’ (following Rieken 1999a:294; accepted by EDHIL:401f. s.v. iškii̯e/a-^zi) as the source of Hittite iškiye/a-^(mi) ‘to smear, to daub, to salve, to oil, to anoint’.

[S.H.]

Hittite šākan/šaknā- n. ‘oil’, iškiye/a-^(mi) ‘to smear, to daub, to salve, to oil, to annoint’, Cuneiform Luwian tāin- n. ‘oil, fat’, dāini(ya)- ‘oily, fatty’, etc.See EDHIL:698f. s.v. šākan/ šakn-, 401f. s.v. iškii̯e/a-^zi.

Latin sagīna f. ‘cramming, fattening (of animals, poultry, etc.); food used for fattening; fatness’ (Plaut.+).Cf., e.g., WH II:463 s.v. sagīna “Herkunft unklar”; Melchert 2007-2008a:187 note 14.