lūlaḫi(ya)-
‘(uncivilized mountain dwellers)’
- Language
- Cuneiform Luwian
- Class
- Base
- Grammar
- adj
- ID
- 3879
1. Individual Anatolian Languages
1.1 Cuneiform Luwian
lūlaḫi(ya)-
‘(uncivilized mountain dwellers)’1.1.1Transmission
The attestations are found in texts from the Zarpiya and Puriyanni rituals, and the Kuwattalla tradition (from MS onwards).
[E.R.]
1.1.2Forms
| nom. sg. c. | LÚlu-la-⸢ḫi⸣-iš | KUB 35.46 iv! 7 | (CTH 761, NS) |
| [LÚlu-u-la-ḫ]i-i-iš | KUB 35.49 iv 15 | (CTH 761, MS) | |
| nom./acc. sg. n. | LÚlu-ú-la-ḫi-i[a-an] | KBo 34.245, 3’ + KUB 35.64, 2’ | (CTH 762, NS) |
| ⸢lu⸣-u-la-ḫi-ia-an | KUB 35.51 ii? 27 | (CTH 760, NS) | |
| LÚ⸢lu-la-ḫi⸣-ia-an | KUB 35.43 iii 31’ | (CTH 761, NS) | |
| LÚlu-u-la-ḫi-ia-an | KUB 35.45 ii 3 | (CTH 760, NS) | |
| ⸢LÚ⸣lu-ú-la-ḫi-ia-an | KUB 32.14 ii?! 13’ | (CTH 761, NS) | |
| LÚlu-ú-la-ḫi-ia-an | KUB 35.21 obv. 9’ | (CTH 761, MS) | |
| [lu-ú-la-ḫi-ia]-an | KUB 60.36 r. col. 11’ | (CTH 762, NS) | |
| acc. pl. c. | Dlu-u-la-ḫi-in-za-aš(=) | KUB 9.31 ii 24 | (CTH 757, NS) |
| abl./instr. | [LÚlu-ú-l]a-ḫi-ia-⸢ti⸣ | KUB 35.48 iii 9’ | (CTH 760, NS) |
| ⸢LÚ⸣lu-⸢ú⸣-[la-ḫi-ia-t]i | KUB 35.45 iii 7’ | (CTH 760, NS) | |
| nom./acc. pl. n. | lu-ú-la-ḫi-e-ia | KUB 9.6 i 30 | (CTH 759, LNS) |
Dlu-u-la-ḫi-in-za-aš(=) (KUB 9.31 ii 24) functions as adjectival attribute of the acc. pl. ḫuppara(n)za (contra Starke 1990a:44 and CHD L-N:79), hence the morphological analysis as acc. pl. above. – For the morphological analysis of lūlaḫieya as nom./acc. pl. n., see Carruba 1982a:35-38 and Melchert 1990a:199f. (against the former analysis as dat./loc. sg. by Laroche 1958a:192f. and Starke 1990a:37).
[E.R.]
1.1.3Graphic Features
Checked against the photographs in the Mainzer Fotoarchiv.*
[E.R.]
1.1.3.1Phonological Interpretation
For the acc. pl. in -inz(a)š= /-ints/ with mute vowel, see Starke 1990a:44.
[E.R.]
1.1.4Meaning ‘(generic pejorative designation for mountain dwellers)’
The word is paired with ḫāpiri(ya)- and found in a list of several adjectival merisms used to describe the entirety of evils such as perjury (Mouton & Yakubovich 2019a:212f.). The collocation (LÚ)lūlaḫ(ḫ)i- (LÚ)ḫāpiri-, pejoratively connotated (Beal 1992a:111), refers to two marginalized social groups, ‘the mountain-dwellers (and) desert-dwellers’ (DLL:64, Laroche 1946-1947a:123, Otten 1953a:105, HW:425, CHD L-N:79f., CLL:128, HEG L-N:70f., HHw:95, Richter 2012a:236, del Olmo Lete & Sanmartín 2015a:489f., Simon 2010c:551 n. 43, Yakubovich & Mouton 2023b:411, DCL:s.v.). Taş & Adalı 2016a:383-385 assume that the meaning was bleached to ‘foreigner’.
[E.R.]
1.1.5Stem
Since Landsberger 1930a:325-328, it is assumed that lūlaḫ(ḫ)i-, which is richly attested in Hittite (see CHD L-N:79f.), is etymologically connected with the Lulluwa land (in the East or South-East of Asia Minor) and was derived from the toponym with the Hurrian adjectival suffix -ḫ(ḫ)i- (see, e.g., Beal 1992a:111 n. 408, Richter 2012a:236 and Taş & Adalı 2016a:383-385 for references). However, it is used as both noun and adjective, and in Luwian context, the stem ends in the adjectival -i(ya)- suffix (Carruba 1982a:35-38 and Melchert 1990a:199f.).
[E.R.]
1.1.6Origin
On account of the likely Hurrian suffix -ḫ(ḫ)i- and the fact that many of the Hittite texts with lūlaḫ(ḫ)i- belong to the Hurrian milieu (treaties and rituals), the word is regarded as Hurrian, whence it spread to Hittite, Luwian, and Ugaritic (llḫ); cf. Laroche 1946-1947a:123, Otten 1953a:105, HEG L-N:70f., Richter 2012a:236, del Olmo Lete & Sanmartín 2015a:489f., Taş & Adalı 2016a:383-385. Melchert 2005a:450f. seems to regard Hitt. lūlaḫ(ḫ)i- as a loan word from Luwian, but nothing supports this view.
[E.R.]
*The forms in the table were checked together with Marian Wehrstein.
1.2 Hittite
lulaḫ(ḫ)i-
‘(uncivilized mountain dwellers)’1.2.1Literature / Comments
CHD L-N:79f.