*kbid-

The Carian name of Kaunos and its ethnic adjective is attested in the Carian – Greek bilingual C.Ka 5 from the 5th c. (and in abbreviated form on the coins of the city in the second half of the 5th and first half of the 4th c. BCE, Konuk 2007a:480–482 with refs., to which add Meier-Brügger 1994a:114, Meier-Brügger 1998a:43f.). The personal name Kbdmu is attested in Mylasa in a list of names, probably of priests (Adiego 2005b:92f.), of unknown date (Blümel & Kızıl 2004a:138).

[Zs.S.]

In toponyms:

unknown	Kbiḍṇ	C.Ka 5.1
abbreviated on coins	k	M24, M25, M29, M30	(Kaunos)
	kb	M26, M27, M28	(Kaunos)

Ethnic adjectives from toponyms:

acc. pl.

kbdynš

C.Ka 5.8

In personal names:

gen. sg.

Kbdmuś

C.My 1.7

For the attestations see Adiego 2007a:370f. and Konuk 2007a:480–482, checked against the photos of the publications.

The morphological analysis of the toponym is unclear. Both Hajnal 1997b:149 and Melchert 2002b:310 n. 12 assume a gen. pl. (and thus the city name would be a plurale tantum). Hajnal sees a real genitive in it (e.g. ‘Beschluß von Kaunos’), but points out the problematic syntax (the missing property), while Melchert attributed a dative-locative meaning to it (‘in Kaunos’). Nevertheless, Melchert 2010f:185 n. 38 identifies this word now as acc. sg., since there is no evidence that its Lycian equivalent (Xbide) is a plurale tantum, because it can be a locative singular as well (DLL:x, 82).

Hajnal 1997b:149; Frei & Marek 1997a:23, Frei & Marek 1998a:2 and Adiego apud Hajnal 1997b:149 n. 2, Adiego 1998b:20, Adiego 2002a:19f. point to the theoretical possibility that it is an ethnic adjective (nom. pl. from *kbid-wen-is), but now Adiego considers this option as “more improbably” (Adiego 2007a:371). Hajnal’s first counterargument (there is not enough space for at least two signs after d, Hajnal 1997b:149) became obsolete with the assured reading. He (Hajnal 1997b:149 n. 12) and Melchert 2002b:310 n. 12 pointed out furthermore that in this case one would expect a case ending as well. Melchert adds that the preservation of the /i/ also argues against the interpretation of an ethnic adjective, although this is not a decisive argument at the current (lack of) understanding of Carian vocalism. Adiego 2002a:19f. provides an explanation for the lack of /i/ (a well-attested disappearance due to the accent shift during suffixation) and assumes a zero-ending. The ending of nom. pl. seems, however, to be -š (cf. s.v. kδuśolš, Melchert 2010f:178). The interpretation as an ethnic adjective is made improbable also by the form kbdynš, which is a regular ethnic adjective in -yn- from this city name, assured by the Greek part of the inscription C.Ka 5 (Adiego 2007a:371, see already Frei & Marek 1997a:37, 50).

[Zs.S.]

For the reading of the last sign of Kbiḍṇ (C.Ka 5) see the discussion in Frei & Marek 1997a:15 and Frei & Marek 1998a:2.

[Zs.S.]

The meaning of Kbidn as the Carian name of the city of Kaunos is assured by the Greek part of the bilingual C.Ka 5 and further supported by its Lycian equivalent, Xbide (Frei & Marek 1997a:23; cf. DLL:82), as well as by the phrase KDWṢ/KDWS KBYDŠY in the Aramaic text of the Xanthos trilingual literally meaning ‘Kaunian king’, whatever its exact origin may be (see the discussion in Adiego 1995a:18–21 with refs., he opts for Carian origin).

The underlying root root may be a regular Carian reflex of the Luwic word for ‘river’ (*Hab-), as assumed by some scholars (Adiego 2007a:334, 370–372: “possible”; followed by Simon 2011b:540; Brosch 2016a:7). Schürr 2003c:69 supports this with the observation that Kaunos is located next to a river, which is though not particularly long, but plenty of water. Although this suggestion is semantically and phonologically possible (while the exact Carian reflexes of the laryngeals are debated, there is a general agreement that Carian initial <k> continues initial <ḫ>, Schürr 2001d:97–99; Adiego 2007a:260; Kloekhorst 2008a:145 [implicitly]; Simon 2011b:540–542; Brosch 2016a:10), none of these assumptions can be verified. For the segment -id- Simon 2011b:540 suggests that it represents the Luwic -id- (abstract) suffix.

Adiego 2007a:370 plausibly analyses the personal name Kbdmu- as a compound name with *muwa- as the second member (cf. s.v. mu). Since one typical type of the muwa-names shows toponyms as the first member, his suggestion to identify kbd- with the name of the city of Kbid- is also plausible (suggested already by Blümel & Kızıl 2004a:136), for the omission of /i/ he points to the ethnic adjective kbd-yn- from the same toponym. He rightly adds that it is not possible to decide if kbd- refers to the toponym or to the appellative underlying the toponym.

[Zs.S.]