allallā-

This word is attested from NS in a Luwian ritual (CTH 765, in Hittite context) and with gloss marker in an oracle fragment (CTH 582) and in a LNS treaty (CTH 123).

[A.B.]

nom. sg. c.	al-l[a-al-]⸢la-a⸣[-aš]	KBo 13.260 rev. iii 33’	(CTH 765, NS)
gen. sg. c.	al-la-al-la-a-aš	KBo 4.14 obv ii 52	(CTH 123, LNS)
	al-la-al-la-a-aš	KBo 23.115 obv.? 7’	(CTH 582, NS)
dat.-loc. sg. c.	⸢a⸣-la-al-la-a	KBo 13.260 iii 37’	(CTH 765, NS)
	al-la-al-la-a	KBo 4.14 obv ii 46	(CTH 123, LNS)
		KBo 4.14 obv ii 59	(CTH 123, LNS)
		KBo 4.14 obv ii 63	(CTH 123, LNS)
		KBo 4.14 obv ii 74	(CTH 123, LNS)
		KBo 4.14 obv ii 43	(CTH 123, LNS)
	al-la-⸢al⸣-la-a	KBo 4.14 obv ii 43	(CTH 123, LNS)
	?a]l-la-al-la-a	KBo 4.14 rev. iv 74’	(CTH 123, LNS)
	al-la-la-a	KBo 4.14 obv ii 70	(CTH 123, LNS)
	al-la[-	KBo 4.14 obv ii 79	(CTH 123, LNS)
	a]l-⸢la⸣-a	KBo 4.14 obv ii 39	(CTH 123, LNS)
acc. sg. c.	al-la-al-la-a-an	KBo 4.14 rev. iv 62’	(CTH 123, LNS)
	al-la-la-a-an	KBo 4.14 rev. iv 63’	(CTH 123, LNS)
	al-la-a[l-	KBo 4.14 obv ii 37	(CTH 123, LNS)

The attestations follow Laroche 1959a:24f., CLL:7, HW 2nd ed. A:54f. (cf. HEG A–K:13, HED A:27, EDHIL:963, Ünal 2007a:14, Ünal 2016a:53, Rosenkranz 1950a:150, Güterbock 1956a:131, van den Hout 2006a:244 and Zorman 2007a:755). The transliterations have been checked against the photos of the Mainzer Fotoarchiv.

[A.B.]

Laroche 1959a:24f. and CLL:7 do not indicate any meaning, but CLL:7 mentions that it is “conventionally translated as ‘betrayal, falling away’”, see e.g. Starke 1990a:36 “‘Verrat’ o.ä.”, HW 2nd ed. A:54f. “Verrat, Abfall vom Vertragspartner” as “übertragene Bedeutung” (furthermore listing: “Alleingang (und) Sünde auf der Stelle” [with question mark]), cf. HEG A–K:13, HED A:27, Ünal 2007a:14, Ünal 2016a:53, Zorman 2007a:755), Tischler 2008a:13 adds “auch allgemein ‘Unglück’” (cf. Tischler 2016a:6). Rieken & Yakubovich 2022a:267 propose a meaning “Feindlichkeit, Feindesland” (cf. below and under Origin).

Most of the attestations appear in KBo 4.14 (the transliterations are based on the photos of the Mainzer Fotoarchiv, and the hand copy as well as the transliterations and translations of Stefanini 1965a:42–44 and Fuscagni 2014a have been taken into account):

obv ii 37–47

⁽³⁷⁾al-la-a[l- ...] zi-la-ti-ia ⸢le⸣-e ša-na-aḫ-ti ⁽³⁸⁾ar-ḫa eg[ir- … -d]a tar-na-aḫ-ḫu-⸢un⸣ x x nu-kán ku-wa-ia-am-mi ⁽³⁹⁾me-e-ḫu-n[i ... a]l-⸢la⸣-a le-e pa-a-ši nu-mu-kán zi-ni ⁽⁴⁰⁾mar-la-tar [... -š]i a-na zi-⸢ka⸣-ma-za-kán lú-tar ⁽⁴¹⁾le-e ti[- ...] ⸢nu⸣ kiš-an le-e me-ma-at-ti ^lúkúr-wa-za ⁽⁴²⁾[... -]i[a … k]u-iš-ki ar-ḫa tar-na-aš nu-kán ku-wa-ia-mi ⁽⁴³⁾[... -n]i^? al-la-⸢al⸣-la-a le-e pa-a-ši inim al-la-al-la-a-aš-ta ⁽⁴⁴⁾dingir^meš egir-an^! [u]š-⸢kán⸣-du ma-a-an-na na-ak-ke-e-eš-zi ku-wa-pí ⁽⁴⁵⁾zi-ik-ma-kán kaskal-za ar-ḫa le-e ti-ia-ši nu kiš-an ⁽⁴⁶⁾le-e me-ma-at-ti al-la-al-la-a pa-a-u-wa-an-zi-wa-za ⁽⁴⁷⁾ugu li-in-ka₄-nu-wa-an-za ki-i-ma-wa-za ul le-en-ka₄-nu-an-za

⁽³⁷⁾In the future you shall not seek alla[l- ...] ⁽³⁸⁾I lef[t] be[hin]d [...] and in a kuwayami ⁽³⁹⁾tim[e ...] you shall not go to [… alla]llā. To me in the soul ^(40–47)stupidity [...] but in your own soul a manly deed shall not [...] and in the following way you shall not speak: “[S]omeone let away the enemy himself […] m[y …]”. And in a kuwayami [tim]e^? you shall not go to allallā. The gods shall [lo]ok after the issue of allallā for you. If eventually it becomes heavy, you shall, however, not step away from the path and shall not speak as follows: “To personally go to allallā, I have been put under oath; but regarding this, I have not been put under oath”.

obv ii 52–71

⁽⁵²⁾al-la-al-la-a-aš-ma me-mi-ia-aš kiš-an ^lú.mešḫa-ap-pí-na-an-te-eš-pát ⁽⁵³⁾ú-ul a-ši-wa-an-te-eš-kán-ta-ri na-aš-ma-kán lugal-i ⁽⁵⁴⁾karaš^! érin^meš lugal na-aš-ma kur.kur gam-an ni-ia-ri na-aš-ma-kán ⁽⁵⁵⁾lugal-i en^meš zi ^giš⸢tukul⸣ ^lúkúr da-a-i na-aš-ma-at ak-kán-zi ⁽⁵⁶⁾na-aš-ma-kán en^meš lugal-i gam-an ni-ia-an-ta-ri na-aš-ma ⁽⁵⁷⁾lugal-un gig-zi na-aš-ma-kán lugal-uš tu-u-wa-li kaskal-ši ⁽⁵⁸⁾ar-ḫa pa-iz-zi na-aš-ma-at gim-an a-ša-a-an im-ma ⁽⁵⁹⁾mar-ša-aš-ša me-e-ḫur zi-ik-ma al-la-al-la-a ⁽⁶⁰⁾pa-a-u-wa-ar 1-⸢e⸣-da ti-ia-u-wa-ar pé-di-kán wa-aš-du-mar ⁽⁶¹⁾le-e ša^!-na-aḫ-ti ḫi-in-kán-ta zag-aš e-eš-du ⁽⁶²⁾a-na kur.kur-⸢ia⸣ ⸢na-ak⸣-ke-e-eš-ša-an nu-mu-kán ma-a-an kur.kur gam-an ⁽⁶³⁾ni-ia-ri zi-ik-ma al-la-al-la-a pa-a-u-wa-⸢ar⸣ ⁽⁶⁴⁾1-e-da ti-ia-u-wa-ar pé-di-kán wa-aš-du-mar le-e ⁽⁶⁵⁾ša-na-aḫ-ti lugal-i gam-an a-ak ⁽⁶⁶⁾ka-a-aš-ša-mu ku-iš ^lúkúr lú ^kuraš-ur a-ra-a-an-za ⁽⁶⁷⁾iš-tu mu^kam.ḫi.a gíd.da ar-ḫa-ma-kán iš-ta-an-ta-it ⁽⁶⁸⁾[n]u-mu ma-a-an ^gištukul-za ḫa-aš-ta-le-e-eš-zi na-aš-ma-aš-mu-kán ⁽⁶⁹⁾[š]à kur uru ú-iz-zi zi-ik-ma a-pé-e-ni-ìš-šu-u-wa-an-ti ⁽⁷⁰⁾[me-]⸢e-ḫu-ni al-la-la-a pa-a-u-ar 1-e-da ti-ia-u-ar ⁽⁷¹⁾[p]é-⸢di⸣-kán wa-aš-du-mar (…)

^(52–55)But the issue of allallā is as follows: will not indeed the rich indeed become poor? (If) against the king either the army, the troops of the king or the lands unite, or the weapon of the enemy takes from the king the life of the lords (or: lords of the soul^?), or they die ^(56–60)or the lords coalesce against the king, or the king becomes ill, or the king goes on a path far away, or if it is a time of marša, then (for^?) you going to allallā, positioning in one (and the same^?), in (that^?) place, (is) transgression. ⁽⁶¹⁾You shall not seek dying. You shall be on the right side. ^(62–65)If, for my lands, it is becoming heavy and if the lands coalesce against me, then you going to allallā ⁽⁶⁴⁾positioning in one (and the same^?), in (that^?) place, is transgression. You shall not seek for the king to die. ^(66–67)Here the one, who is an enemy for me, the man of Assur, stood up for long years, but he deferred. ^(68–69)[A]nd if he becomes heroic with the weapon against me, or comes against me [to the he]art of the land of the city, then (for^?) you in the aforementioned ^(70–71)[ti]me, the going to allallā, positioning in one (and the same^?), in (that^?) place, is transgression.

obv ii 78–81

⁽⁷⁸⁾na-aš-ma-at zi-⸢ig-ga⸣ ma-li-ši a-ši-ma-an-wa-kán zag[- ...] ⁽⁷⁹⁾ni-ia-ri na-aš-ma-an-wa-kán u-ni-uš en^meš al-la[- ...] ⁽⁸⁰⁾pa-a-an-zi ú-uk-ka₄-ma-an-wa pé-e-ḫu-da-an-zi ⁽⁸¹⁾⸢na⸣-at le-e ša-na-aḫ-ti úš-an-ta zag-aš e-eš[-du ...]

⁽⁷⁸⁾Or if you consider this: “If this bord[er ...] ^(79–80)turns or if those lords there could go to alla[- …], could they bring me away (with them)” ⁽⁸¹⁾You shall not seek this, death [shall] be the boundary for you!”

rev. iv 62’–75’

^(62’)[…] nu zi-ik-ma al-la-al-la-a-an ^(63’)[... k]e-e-da-ni me-ḫu-ni al-la-la-a-an ^(64’)[... a-p]é-e-da-ni me-ḫu-ni ^gišig ^dgašan-ni ^(65’)[...] ^(66’)[... -ḫ]a-ḫa-ri-ma gùb-la nu-kán úš-an ^(67’)[... ]x-ta-iz-zi zi-ik-ma mud bal ^(68’)[... -]x-aḫ-ti ša lugal ap-lu-ša-an ^(69’)[... -t]i zi-ni-ta na-ak-ki-i-iš ^(70’)[... ]x ḫul zi-za e-ep-ti ^(71’)[... -i]z-zi ša ^meḫ-li-lugal-kán ^(72’)[... -n]a^?-an-du ^(73’)[... -z]i nu kiš-an me-ma-i ^(74’)[... ^?a]l-la-al-la-a [...] ^(75’)[... ]x TA ^gišumbin

^(62’)But for you allallā^(acc.sg.) […] ^(63’)[…] in [t]his time allallā^{(acc.sg.) (64’)}[…] in [t]hat time the door to my lady ^(65’)[...] ^{(66’-67’)}[… I sta]nd on the left side. Death [...] he will [re]move^?. But you […] the blood of the uprising [...]. ^(68’)the king’s aplu(ša) you […]. ^(69’)In the soul (it is) heavy. ^(70’)[…] you seize evil with/from the soul. ^(71’)[...] of ^mEḫli-Šarruma ^(72’)[...] they [sh]all […] ^(73’)[...] and speak in the following way: ^(74’)[... ^?a]llallā [...] ^(75’)[... ]x of the wheel^?

Most of the attestations above (despite phrases like allallāš memiyaš ‘the issue of allallā-’) show allallā- to designate an object of a deliberate action expressed with the Hittite verbs: pai- ‘to go’ or šanḫ- ‘to seek’. The phrase allallā- pai- (already noticed by Güterbock 1956a:131, cf. Tischler 2008a:13, Tischler 2016a:6 ‘commettre une trahison’) is assumed by HW 2nd ed. A:54f. as a contrast to (kattan) na(i)- ‘to turn (away [lit. ‘down’])’.

As noted by Rieken & Yakubovich 2022a:276, the context of the ritual KBo 13.260 rev. iii 30’–41’ using the Hitt. verb mauš- ‘to fall’ (listed as collocation also in Tischler 2008a:13, Tischler 2016a:6 “tomber dans le malheur”), in contrast to the previous attestations, rather points to an unwillingly “falling into allallā” (the transliterations are based on the photos of the Mainzer Fotoarchiv, and the hand copy as well as the transliterations and translations of Starke 1985b:263; Torri & Barsacchi 2018a:295f.; EDHIL:963; HW 2nd ed. Ḫ:495; HEG U–Z:330; CHD L–N:212b, P:239a, Š:366 and Rieken & Yakubovich 2022a:276 have been taken into account):

^(30’)(…) nu ku-iš ku-e-da-ni ⸢dumu⸣-li ^(31’)[… ḫu]l-an-ni še-er ú-ez-zi […] ^(32’)[… ḫ]ul-lu-uš eme-aš ḫul-lu-u[š …] ^(33’)[… ^GI]^Špa-tal-ḫa-aš nu egir-az al-l[a-al-]⸢la-a⸣[-aš] ^(34’)[… ḫ]a-ta-am-mi-iš pé-ra-an-⸢ma-aš-ši⸣ […] ^(35’)[… w]a-ri-še-ia-aš še-li-uš a-⸢ra⸣-an-⸢da⸣ ^(36’)[… p]a-ra-a-aš ti-ia-zi ^(37’)[… n]a-aš-kán an-⸢da⸣ ⸢a⸣-la-al-la-a ^(38’)[… m]a-uš-du ⸢a⸣-ap-pa-ma-aš ti-ia-zi ^(39’)[… n]a-aš-kán an-da wa-ri-ši-ia-aš ^(40’)[… pa-]aḫ-ḫu-e-na-aš-ša še-li ^(41’)[… m]a-uš-ta-ru

^(30’)(…) Who(ever) to which child ^(31’)[… in ma]lice comes over […] ^{(31’–33’)}[… the e]vil tongue, the ev[il … b]ehaviour, from the back al[lallā …] ^{(34’–35’)}[… d]amaged^? but before him […] piles of [w]ariši are standing ^(36’)[…] (if) he steps [fo]rward, ^{(37’–38’)}[… th]en let him [f]all into (the) allallā, (if) he steps backward, ^{(39’–41’)}[… th]en he shall [f]all into the pile of wariši […] and [fi]re

EDHIL:963 suggests that allallā- is “perhaps” parallel to wariše/iya- but points out that the meaning of the latter also remains unclear. Such a parallel construction is supported describing the spatial relations of these entities in the ritual using āppaz (written with Sumerogram: egir-az) “from the back(side)” vs. peran “in front of” in lines 33’/34’ as well as parā “forward” vs. āppa ‘backward’ lines 36’/38’.

CLL:7 assumes that in this context allallā- might be “a concrete place into which one can fall” instead of an abstract term. Rieken & Yakubovich 2022a:276 reject this assumption pointing out that there is no need for such a place since the ritual context only describes the danger that is invoked to envelop an evil person. This symbolic character does, however, not exclude, that allallā- is represented in the actual ritual by a certain place or an object (the following verb, the Luwian participle ḫ]a-ta-am-mi-iš, could probably be connected with HLuw. /hatta-^(di)?/ ‘to cause damage, to ruin’ for this verb cf. Sasseville 2021a:86 and under the respective lemma) just as the danger in front of the hostile person is represented by a pile of fire.

In the oracle fragment KBo 23.115 obv.^? allallā- seems to specify kaskal ‘way, path’. The “way of allallā-” could be both, a topographical expression and a metaphor. The context shows that something “evil in the soul” is involved again, but it is too fragmentary to permit further interpretations (the transliterations are based on the photos of the Mainzer Fotoarchiv, and the hand copy as well as the transliteration and translation of Cotticelli Kurras 1991a:102 have been taken into account):

^(6’)[…]x nu-kán ḫul ku-e-da-ni zi-ni ^(7’)[…] al-la-al-la-a-aš kaskal-an x x x x-zi

^(6’)[…] in which soul is evil ^(7’)[…] the way^(acc.sg.) of allallā […]

Rieken & Yakubovich 2022a:276 assume that allallā- is most probably an abstract noun based on an adjective of appurtenance *allalla/i- “nicht zum Eigenen, d. h. zum Feindlichen gehörig” (cf. under Origin for the morphological details) and suggest a meaning “Feindlichkeit, Feindesland”. Considering the attestations of allallā- and the semantics of the root *al- which, as shown by Rieken & Yakubovich 2022a:279, has a basic meaning “nicht zur Sphäre des Sprechers gehörig”, for allallā-, a general meaning ‘the (domain of the) other (of the alien; of the enemy; of the hostile)’ can be established.

[A.B.]

The word is generally assumed to be of Luwian origin, it appears in the Luwian dictionaries by Laroche 1959a:24f. and CLL:7 as well as in the lists of Luwianisms by Melchert 2005a:451 and van den Hout 2006a:244. It is also considered to be a Luwianism by HW 2nd ed.:54f., HED A:27, HEG A–K:13, Tischler 2008a:13 and Tischler 2016a:6.

One reason for this is the use of gloss markers. Although their use does not constitute proof of a word’s Luwian origin (cf. Schwartz 1938a:75, 78 and Melchert 2005a:445 for the case of allallā- cf. also Zorman 2007a:769 proposing a kind of taboo connotation in certain contexts), the vast majority of words provided with this marker are in fact of Luwian origin. Moreover, it is also attested in a Luwian ritual (albeit in Hittite context). Most important for determining its origin is the morphology of allallā-. As noted under Meaning, according to Rieken & Yakubovich 2022a:276, allallā- is likely an abstract noun based on an adjective of appurtenance with the Luwian suffix -alla/i- (cf. Melchert 2003b:195). Hence due to its Luwian morphology, it is most probably a Luwian loan and/or foreign word in Hittite.

[A.B.]