šiwai(ya)-
‘sour’
- Language
- Cuneiform Luwian
- Grammar
- adj
- ID
- 3071
1. Individual Anatolian Languages
1.1 Luwian in Hittite transmission
šiwai(ya)-
‘sour’1.1.1Transmission
The sole occurrence of the adjective is found in a fragment of the ritual for the royal couple.
[E.R.]
1.1.2Forms
| acc. pl. c. (Hitt.) | ši-wa-e-e[š] | KBo 17.4 ii 17’ | (CTH 416, OS) |
The nominative form with accusative function in an OS text makes the analysis highly suspicious (EDHIL:767), but no plausible alternative solution has been found so far. This remarkable misapplication of the nominative plural form reminds of the Empire Luwian syncretism of the common gender nominative and accusative plural. Could šiwaēš be an early calque of the Luw. nom./acc. pl. c. šiwainzi? If so, it would constitute the oldest piece of evidence for the merger of the case forms. – EDHIL:767 further adduces šiwiš and šiwin, but see Rieken 1999a:38 n. 162 and CHD Š:505.
[E.R.]
1.1.3Graphic Features
Checked against the photographs in the Mainzer Fotoarchiv.
[E.R.]
1.1.4Meaning
KBo 17.4 ii 17’ shows [ḫa]r-[š]a-ú-uš ši-wa-e-e[š], where the duplicate text KBo 17.1 ii 9 has the acc. pl. ninda.gur4.ra-uš em-ṣu-tim (Otten & Souček 1969a:245 n. 12, Neu 1983a:169, CHD Š:486, HEG Š:1090, HED ŠE, ŠI, ŠU:108). Setting aside the morphological implications (see under Forms), the comparison of the two duplicate texts yields an equation of Akk. emṣu ‘sour’ with šiwai(ya)-.
[E.R.]
1.1.5Stem
The form šiwaēš has mostly been assigned to a Hittite ablauting i-stem šiwi-/šiwai- like šalli-/šallai-; cf. Neu 1983a:169, CHD Š:486, HEG Š:1090, EDHIL:767. Only Melchert (DLL:194) posited *ši(ḫ)way(a)-, roughly followed in Rieken 1999a:451 (with šiwaia-), the stem to be expected in an adapted borrowing from Luwian.
[E.R.]
1.1.6Origin
On account of the loss of -ḫ- before the labiovelar glide, CLL:194 (followed by Rieken 1999a:451) plausibly claims that šiwaēš represents a Hittitized form of šēḫuwai(ya)- ‘bitter, sour’.
[E.R.]
For the lemma head see CLuw. šēwa/i-.