*u̯Ei̯ō̌n-

The comparison of Hitt. wiya(n)- c. with the Luwian reconstructed base *wiyan(i)- (and Lyc. *win(i)-) leads to the reconstruction of a Proto-Anatolian common gender n-stem *u̯Ei̯ō̌n-. The sound Law *ē > -iya- posited by Oettinger 2003a:143 is rejected by Rieken 2019c:220f., who accepts the reconstruction of Beekes 1987a as an amphikinetic n-stem (also followed by EDHIL:1012; cf. HEG W-Z:563).

The exact word formation hiding behind CLuw. ^GIŠGEŠTIN-an-za ‘grapevine’ remains obscure; cf. Melchert (CLL:289) “nom./acc. sg. n.” and HEG W-Z:559 “acc. pl. c. */winiyanza/”.

[D.S.]

The different forms attested in the individual IE languages point to a virtual preform PIE *u̯(E)ih₁-(E)n-(o-) vel sim. (see sub Morphological Reconstruction), which means ‘wine’.

The forms attested in the IE languages point to a PIE n-stem noun meaning ‘wine’. The Anatolian forms (cf. HLuw. /wiyani(ya)-/ c. ‘vine’ [← Luw. *wiyan(i)- ‘wine’] and Hitt. wiya(n)- c. ‘wine’) can be explained from an athematic (presumably amphikinetic) n-stem PAnat. *u̯(E)i̯ō̆n- (cf. sub PAnat. Reconstruction) < pre-PAnat. *u̯(E)ih₁-ō̆n-/*u̯ih₁-n-´ (cf. EDHIL:1012). On the other hand, the words attested outside of Anatolian rather point to o- or ā-stem nouns, which can be accounted for by the assumption of an already Core IE thematization of the n-stem attested in Anatolian, i.e. Core IE *u̯(o)ih₁-n-o-. A form *u̯oi̯h₁-n-o- with o-grade root regularly yielded Gk. (ϝ)οἶνος m. ‘wine’ (Myc. wo-no), following a PIE loss of the word-internal laryngeal via de Saussure’s Law (*oRHC > *oRC). The form *u̯oi̯(h₁)-n-o- was furthermore the basis of Arm. gini ‘wine’ < *u̯oi̯(h₁)-n-ii̯o- (Matzinger 2005a:66 n. 304) and Alb. Gheg vênë, Tosk verë ‘wine’ < *u̯oi̯-n-ā- < *u̯oi̯h₁-n-e-h₂- (Matzinger 2006a:75). By contrast, Lat. vīnum n. ‘wine’ and Umbr. vinu acc. sg. ‘id.’ point to PItal. *u̯īno- < pre-PItal. *u̯ih₁-n-o-, with zero grade of the root (EDLIL:680). The Celtic and Germanic words for ‘wine’ cited above sub Transmission are borrowings from Lat. vīnum, while the Baltic and Slavic words are regarded as loanwords from Germanic (cf. IEW:1121, EIEC:644, EDG:1059, ALEW II:1250 [Lat. → Germ. → Slav. → Balt.]). – Phonologically and morphologically, PIE (athematic) *u̯(E)ih₁-ō̆n- and (thematized) *u̯(o)i̯h₁-n-o- look like typical IE formations. As for their etymology, these stems can be connected with the PIE root *u̯i̯eh₁- ‘to turn, twist, wind, bend’ vel sim. (IEW:1120–1122 “drehen, biegen”; EIEC:644 “twist, wind”; LIV²:695 “umwickeln, umhüllen”); cf., e.g., verbal formations like Lat. viēre ‘to bind, plait, weave’ and Ved. vyáya-^ti ‘to wind, wrap’ (LIV²:695 with further forms). Among the nominal formations, Lat. vītis f. ‘grapevine’ < *u̯ih₁-ti- (EDLIL:683f.) seems most noteworthy in the semantic context discussed here. However, the IE character of the words for ‘wine’ has often been called into question, in particular due to the strong resemblance to non-IE words for ‘wine’ like Hattic windu-, Arabic wain, and Hebrew yayin. Yet, the Semitic designations for ‘wine’ can also be explained as IE borrowings (EIEC:644). And, as Beekes (EDG:1059) points out, “if we put the homeland of viticulture in the Pontus and the northern Balkans, the word for ‘wine’ might come from there. In this case, not only would the words mentioned from Greek, Lat., Arm., and Alb. derive from this IE source, but also Hitt. u̯ii̯an(a)-, HLuw. wii̯an(i)-, and the relevant Semitic words, like Arab. wain, Hebr. jajin.” An IE origin of the words for ‘wine’ thus remains a possibility to reckon with. At the same time, this would account for the IE appearance of the reconstructible forms *u̯(E)ih₁-ō̆n- and *u̯(o)i̯h₁-n-o- as well as for the plausible connection with the PIE root *u̯i̯eh₁- ‘to wind, bend’.

[T.S.]

Myc. wo-no nom. sg. m. /u̯oi̯nos/ ‘wine’, Gk. οἶνος m. ‘wine’, dial. also ϝοῖνοςCf., e.g., GEW II:364–366, DMic II:443, EDG:1058f.

Arm. gini ‘wine’Cf., e.g., Olsen 1999a:439f., Matzinger 2005a:66f. with n. 304, EDAIL:214f.

Lat. vīnum n. ‘wine’ (Andr.+), vītis f. ‘grapevine’ (Enn.+); Umbr. vinu, uinu acc. sg. ‘wine’Cf., e.g., Untermann 2000a:857, EDLIL:680 s.v. vīnum, 683f. s.v. vītis, each with further lit.

OIr. fīn ‘wine’, W gwin ‘id.’Cf., e.g., IEW:1121, EIEC:644.

Goth. wein n. ‘wine’, ON vín n. ‘id.’, OHG wīn m. ‘id.’, OS wīn m. ‘id.’, etc.Cf., e.g., Kluge & Seebold 2011a:979, Casaretto 2004a:94.

Lith. vỹnas m. ‘wine, grapevine’, Latv. vīns ‘wine’Cf., e.g., LEW II:1255f., ALEW II:1249f.

OCS vino n. ‘wine’, Russ. vinó n. ‘id.’, SCr. víno n. ‘id.’, etc.Cf., e.g., LEW II:1255f., ALEW II:1249f.

Alb. Gheg vênë, Tosk verë ‘wine’Cf., e.g., Matzinger 2006a:75.