*u̯elH-

Based on the semantics of the derivatives, i.e. Luw. niwalla/i- ‘innocent’, niwallant(i)- ‘good-for-nothing’ and wallant(i)- ‘fit, capable (?)’, a Luwian root wall- meaning approximately ‘strong, active’ can be extracted. This root should be a priori separated from the one of Luw. walli-^(ti) ‘to raise’ (cf. HEG U-Z:260f., who unites them). The geminate -ll- is a good indicator of root-final laryngeal, which was assimilated. Thus, a Proto-Anatolian verbal root *u̯elH- (or with a-vocalism) meaning ‘to be strong/active’ can be reconstructed (Rieken 2003a:44 n. 29).

[D.S.]

PIE *u̯elH- and extended *u̯el(H)d^h- mean ‘to be strong, have force/power’, as per LIV²:676f. Similarly, e.g., Watkins 2011a:97f. (*u̯al- ‘to be strong’), EIEC:490 (*u̯al- ‘to be strong, rule’), and IEW:1111f. (*u̯al-d^h- ‘to be strong’).

In LIV²:676, a root PIE *u̯elH- ‘to be strong, have force/power’ with inherent e-vowel is reconstructed (thus also Lühr 2000a:139f.). Others, however, tend to reconstruct an a-vocalic root *u̯al° (e.g., IEW:1111f., EIEC:490, Watkins 2011a:97f.), which does not seem necessary, though. Forms that seem to suggest an a-vowel can be explained from *u̯elH- as well; cf., e.g., Lat. valēre ‘to be strong’ < *u̯l̥H-eh₁-i̯e/o- (as per Meiser 1998a:109) and PCelt. *u̯alo- ‘prince, chief’ < pre-PCelt. *u̯l̥H-o- (EDPC:402). Furthermore, a formal distinction has to be made between the unextended root *u̯elH- and an extended variant *u̯el(H)d^h-, both of which mean ‘to be strong, have force/power, rule’. According to Hackstein 2002:15, 18, the latter could have been abstracted from a compound *u̯elH-d^hh₁-o-, with the root *d^heh₁- ‘to put, place, do’ in the second member. Similarly Kölligan 2017a:63, who counts *u̯el(H)d^h- among the examples of d^h-extended neo-roots that ultimately go back to syntagms formed with the root PIE *d^heh₁-. PIE *u̯el(H)d^h- is attested in Germanic and Balto-Slavic: on the one hand, Goth. waldan, OHG waltan, etc. < PGerm. *u̯alđe/a- ‘to rule’ as well as OCS vlasti, Cz. vlásti < PSlav. *u̯olsti might be thematizations of a reduplicated iterative present *u̯é-u̯olHd^h- vel sim., in each case with loss of the reduplication (cf. Lühr 2000a:139, LIV²:676f. with n. 5; differently EDPG:569). On the other hand, Lith. valdýti ‘to rule, govern, wield’, Latv. vàldît ‘id.’ go back to a pre-PBalt. intensive-iterative formation *u̯ol(H)d^h-éi̯e/o- (Lühr 2000a:139). – The unextended root *u̯elH- is attested in verbal formations like Lat. valēre ‘to be strong’ < *u̯l̥H-eh₁-i̯e/o- (Meiser 1998a:109) or ← *u̯l̥H-h₁i̯é/ó- (LIV²:676). Cf., furthermore, OIr. fallnaithir, -fallnathar, -follnathar ‘to rule, govern’ ← PIE *u̯l̥-né-H-/*u̯l̥-n-H-´ (LIV²:676 with n. 3 and further lit.). Nominal formations are, e.g., OIr. flaith ‘sovereignty, rule(r)’, MW gwlad ‘country’ < PCelt. *u̯lati- < pre-PCelt. “*wlHtí-” (EDPC:425) and TochB walo ‘king’, TochA wäl ‘id.’ < pre-PToch. *u̯l̥H-(o)nt- vel sim. (Lühr 2000a:140, LIV²:676 n. 2, DTB²:631).

[T.S.]

Lat. valēre, -eō vb. ‘to be strong, healthy’ (Naev.+), valentia f. ‘power’ (Naev.+), validus adj. ‘strong, vigorous’ (Plaut.+), val(i)dē adv. ‘greatly, extremely’ (Plaut.+), valētūdō f. ‘soundness, good health’ (Plaut.+), etc.; Osc. ϝαλε 2sg. impv. ‘farewell!’, ualaemom nom./acc. sg. n. ‘best’, valaimas gen. sg. f. ‘id.’, etc.Cf., e.g., Untermann 2000a:821–823, EDLIL:651f. with further lit.

OIr. fallnaithir, -fallnathar, -follnathar vb. ‘to rule, govern’; OIr. fal ‘rule’ (DIL: fál ‘king’), OW personal name Con-gual, etc.; OIr. flaith f./m. ‘sovereignty, rule(r)’, MW gwlad ‘country’, MBret. gloedic ‘count’, etc.Cf., e.g., EDPC:402 s.v. *wal-na-, 402 s.v. *walo-, 425f. s.v. *wlati-.

Goth. waldan vb. ‘to rule’, ON valda vb. ‘to rule over; to cause’, OHG waltan vb. ‘to have power over’, etc.Cf., e.g., EDPG:569.

Lith. valdýti vb. ‘to rule, govern, wield’, Latv. vàldît vb. ‘id.’; OPr. weldīsnan acc. sg. ‘inheritance’, Lith. veldė́ti vb. ‘to inherit; (OLith., dial.) to acquire, attain, rule’Cf., e.g., EDBIL:485f. s.v. valdyti, 496 s.v. veldėti, ALEW II:1176–1178 s.v. valdýti, 1211f. s.v. veldė́ti.

CS vladěti vb. ‘to rule’, Russ. vladét’ vb. ‘to own, control, wield’, SCr. vládati vb. ‘to rule’, etc.; OCS vlasti vb. ‘to rule’, Cz. vlásti vb. ‘id.’Cf., e.g., EDSIL:524 s.v. *volděti; *voldati, 526 s.v. *volsti.

TochB walo, obl. lānt ‘king’, TochA wäl, obl. lānt ‘id.’Cf., e.g., DTB²:631.